S C A 



" Your committee have the fatisfaftion of feeing the iiifti- 

 tutions for the fecure and profitable depofit of the earnings 

 of the induftrious, which was heretofore projected, are now 

 by the fpontaneous exertions of individuals, in aftual and 

 fuccefsful operation ; and from the growth of the fyftem of 

 faving-banks, they are inclined to expeft very beneficial 

 refults, not only in affording to the induftrious poor a fecure 

 depofit for their favings, but in familiarizing them with a 

 praftice, of which the advantage will be daily more appa- 

 rent." Both the above cited reports are juftified by ample 

 evidence from the tcftimony of individuals, which is annexed 

 to them. We fhall here fubjoin an extraft from the third 

 report of the " Edinburgh Society for the Suppreffion of 

 Beggars," 1815. "To improve permanently, and effec- 

 tually to better the condition of the poor, can be accom- 

 plifhed only by encouraging among them habits of induftry, 

 fobriety, prndence, and forefight. The very general adop- 

 tion of the plan of inftituting favings' banks ihews, that the 

 genuine and enlightened principles of benevolence are 

 beginning to be well underftood, and will be zealoufly 

 afted upon whenever a proper opportunity occurs ; for no 

 fcheme feems better calculated for the comfort of the poor 

 than this fimple plan for enabling the poor man to lay up in 

 the day of health for the hour of ficknefs. It relieves from 

 luant 'without checking indujlry ; — it fecures independence ivith- 

 out inducing pride ; — it removes thofe painful mifgivings <which 

 render the approaches of poverty fo appalling, and often parali-ze 

 the exertions ivhich might ward 0^ the blotv ; — // leads to 

 temperance and the reflraint of all the difordcrly pajfwns, ivhich 

 a luajleful expenditure of money nourijhes ; — /'/ produces that 

 fobriety of mind, and fleadinefs of conduit, which afford the befl 

 foundation for the domejlic virtues in humble life. The effefts 

 of fuch an inftitution as this upon the character of the 

 people, were it to become univerfal, would be almoft inap- 

 preciable." But it would be endlefs to cite authorities for 

 eftablifhing a principle fo univerfally acknowledged by all 

 whofe obfervation and experience render them competent 

 judges. We are therefore the more furprifed to find it 

 afferted in the part of the Supplement to the Encyclopedia 

 Britannica recently publifhecl, that " taken by themfelves, 

 it is at lealt a doubt whether favings' banks may not pro- 

 duce as great a quantity of evil as good." See Annals of 

 Banks for Savings. London. Richardfon, &c. 1818. 

 SAUSSURITE. See Mineralogy, Addenda. 

 SAYBROOK. Add — In 1810 it contained 3994 in- 

 habitants, including 5 (laves. 



SCALE of Chemical Equivalents. The defcription of 

 this iugeniou" and ufeful inftrument, contrived by Dr. Wol- 

 lallon, has been omitted in its proper place ; but its im- 

 portance demands that it (hould be introduced here. 



The author dates, that he does not offer this inftrument 

 as an attempt to correft the eftimates that have been formed 

 by others, but as " a method by which their refults may be 

 advantageoufiy applied, in forming an eafy approximation 

 to any object of our inquiries." 



" The means (to ufe Dr. W.'s own words) by which this 

 iseffetted,may be in part underftood by infpeftion of the plate, 

 [Chemiflry, Plate XXL_y?fj. 5, 6.), in which will be fueu the 

 liil of lubltances intended to be eilimated, arranged on one or 

 other fide of a fcale of numbers in the order of their relative 

 weights, and at fuch diftances from each other; according to 

 their weights that the feries of numbers placed on a Aiding 

 fcale can at pleafure be moved, fo that any number expreli- 

 ing the weight of a compound may be brought to cor- 

 refpond with the place of that compound in the adjacent 

 column. The arrangement is then fuch, that the weight of 



SCI 



any ingredient in its compofition, of any re-agent to be 

 employed, or precipitate that might be obtained in its 

 analyfis, will be found oppofite to the point at which its 

 refpeftive name is placed. 



" In order to fhew more clearly the ufe of this fcale, the 

 plate exhibits two different fituations of the flider, in one 

 of which oxygen is 10, and other bodies are in their due 

 proportion to it; fo that carbonic acid being 27.54, and 

 lime 35.46, carbonate of lime is placed at 63. In the 

 fecond figure, the Aider is reprefented drawn upwards, 

 till 100 correfponds to muriate of foda, and accord- 

 ingly the fcale then (hews how much of each fubilance 

 contained in the table is equivalent to 100 of common 

 fait. It fhews with regard to the different views of the 

 analyfis of this fait, that it contains 46.6 dry muriatic acid 

 ^"'1 53-4 of foda, or 39.8 fodium and 13.6 oxygen : or if 

 viewed as chloride of fodium, that it contains 60.2 chlorine 

 and 39.8 fodium. With refpeft to re-agents it may be 

 feen, that 283 nitrate of lead containing 191 of litharge 

 employed to feparate the muriatic acid, would yield a pre- 

 cipitate of 237 muriate of lead, and that there would then 

 remain in folution nearly 146 nitrate of foda. It may at 

 the fame time be feen, that the acid in this quantity of fait 

 would ferve to make 232 corrofive fublimate, containing 

 815.5 red oxyd of mercury, or would make 91.5 muriate 

 of ammonia, compofed of 62 muriatic gas, (or hydro- 

 muriatic acid,) and 29.5 ammonia. The fcale alfo fliews, 

 that tor the purpofe of obtaining the whole of the acid in 

 diftillation, the quantity of oil of vitriol required is nearly 

 84, and that the refiduum of tliis diftillation would be 122 

 dry fulphate of foda, from which might be obtamed by 

 cryftallization 277 of Glauber's fait, containing 155 water of 

 cryftallization. Thefe and many more fuch anfwers appear 

 at once by bare infpedlion, as foon as the weight of any 

 fubftance intended for examination is made by motion of 

 the flider, correftly to correfpond with its place in the 

 adjacent column. 



" With refpeft to the method of laying down the divi- 

 fions of this fcale, thofe who are accuftomed to the ufe of 

 other Aiding rules, and are praflically acquainted with their 

 properties, will recognize upon the flider itfelf the common 

 Gunter's line of numbers (as it is termed), and will be 

 fatisfied that the refults which it gives are the fame that 

 would be obtained by arithmetical computation." See 

 Gunter's Scale. 



This fcale may be had at the different mathematical 

 inftrument-makers ; and we need fcarcely add, that the 

 numbers laid down upon it differ a little from thofe recently 

 determined by Dr. Thomfon. Thefe differences, however, 

 are in general very trifling ; but fhould any one prefer ufing 

 the new numbers, they will find them ftated in the tables 

 appended to Atomic Theory. 



SCAPOLITE. See Mineralogy, Addenda. 



SCHILLER-SPAR. See Mineralogy, Addenda. 



SCHOOLS, Military, the principal inllitutions of this 

 kind in our country, where officers may be formed for the 

 profeffion by acquiring found knowledge both in theory and 

 praftice, are the Royal Academy of Woolwich, the infti- 

 tution at Sandhurft near Windfor, and the academy at 

 Portfmouth. 



SCHUYLKILL. Add— Alfo, a townfhip of Berks 

 county, containing 353 inhabitants. 



SCIOTO. Add — Alfo, a town(hip of Pickaway county, 

 having 216 inhabitants. — Alfo, a townfliip of Rofs county, 

 having 840 inhabitants. 



Vol. 



