TOO 



five parts of water; take alfo one part of nitric acid, and 

 dilute it xvilh an eqi>al bulk of water, and keep each of the 

 mixtures feparate. Then take ten parts of the fulphur c 

 acid diluted in the manner before ftated, and m.x >t with 

 one part of the diluted nitric acd, and then ^PPb 'his 

 mixed acd to the tin, or to the tmned furface with a 

 pcnol or fponge. as above direfted, and repeat the apph- 

 cation of the f!id con-.pofaion for feveral tnnes fuccen.vely, 

 or until the refult you expcc^l proves fat.sfaftory. When 

 this h« been done, the cryftalline furrace may be covered 

 with a varnifh or japan more or lefs tranfparent or colour- 

 lefs, or coloured, and lalHy policed in the uiual manner. 

 Mr Shaw, of Brunfwick-fquare, purchafed this patent, 

 and tin-plates were made under its protedion, at the manu- 

 faftory of Mr. Buniell, at Batterfea. But the procefs 

 being gcncially known among chemiils, the manufadure 

 declined, and the patent, for which a confiderable fum was 

 paid, became of little value. 



Tis-Plala. Add— The manufaftory for tinnmg iron- 

 plates was eftablilhed at Pontypool by major John Han- 

 bur)', where he refided until his death in 1734; and the 

 invention of the art has by fome perfons been crroneoufly 

 afcribed to him. His monument may be feen in Trevellin 

 church. 



TIOGA, in New York. Add— By the cenfus of 1810, 

 the number of its inhabitants was 7899, including 61 flaves. 



TlocA, a county of Per.nfylvania, including two town- 

 fliips, and 1687 inhabitants. — Alfo, a townfhip of the f aid 

 county, having 803, the other Dclmer, having 884 inha- 

 bitants. 



TISBURY, including the Elizabeth iflands, in Duke's 

 county, Mafiachufetts, contains 1 202 inhabitants. 



TITANIUM, Chemical Properties of, are given under 

 TiTAN'ii'iM, in Mineralogy. 



TITICACA. Add— See Chucuito. 



TOBACCO, 1. 3, for 1560 r. 1584. See Drake. 



TOBAINA, a townfhip of Cumberland county, in 

 Pennfylvania, having 1799 inhabitants. 



TOBY. Add— Alfo, a townfhip of Armftrong county, 

 io Pennfylvania, having 611 inhabitants. 



TOLERATION, 1. 18, add— The late abbe Gregoire, 

 in his " Hiiloire des Seftes Religieufe, &c." obferves, that 

 " we muft not confound civil and religious toleration. The 

 latter fuppofes that truth and error are indifferent ; which 

 truth can never be, for it is only one ; and this being the 

 cafe religious toleration would be an affront to God, who 

 is truth ilfelf. Civil toleration is that which grants to 

 every one the power of publicly exercifing the mode of 

 worfi'.ip to which he is attached ; — an inalienable right of 

 every member of fociety, and which, incorredtly denomi- 

 nated toleration, ought to be called liberty of -woijljip. It 

 has been already obferved, and cannot be too often re- 

 peated, thr.t the only authority which the civil magiftrate 

 pofTelfes over religious affociations is to fee that they neither 

 fuffcr moleilation nor moleft one another." Col. 6, 1. 13, 

 add — and extended to Ireland by 57 Geo. III. c. 70. 



Vol. XXXVI. 



TOLLAND. Add— Alfo, a town of MafTachufetts, 

 in the county of Hampton, having 798 inhabitants. 



TOOLAVA.., an Indian language, which extends from 

 Nilifuram to Scdefliagar, S. of Goa — Alfo, the name of 

 a country confidered as a fubdivifion of Kerela, which 

 extended from Gocuro, round Cape Comorin, to the river 

 Tumbrapurai in Tinnavelly. 



TOR 



TOOMBUDRA, a river of Hindooflan, which is a 

 fouthern branch of the Kijl^iua ; which fee. 



TOPASSES, an Indian denomination of native black 

 Chriftians, the remains of the ancient Portuguefe. 



TOPHANIA, or ToFFANiA, the name of a woman 

 who rcfided firft at Palermo, and afterwards at Naples, and 

 who rendered herfelf infamous by preparing and adminif- 

 tering poifon. She fold thofe drops, which from her ac- 

 quired the name of Aqua Tophania, Aqua della Taffana. It 

 was called alfo Acquetta di Napoli, or only Acquetta : but 

 fhe diftributed her preparation, by way of charity, to fuch 

 wives as wilhed to have other hufbands. From four to fix 

 drops were fufficient to deflroy a man ; and it has been 

 afferted, that the dofe could be fo proportioned as to 

 operate in a certain time. As flie was watched by the 

 government, (he fled to an ecclefiaflical afylum ; and when 

 Keyfler was at Naples in 1730, flie was then living ; her 

 life being fecure under that proteftion. It was her prac- 

 tice to diftribute her poifon in fmall glafs phials, upon 

 which was this infcription, " Manna of St. Nicholas of 

 Bari," and ornamented with the image of that faint, whofe 

 reputation prevented its being particularly examined by the 

 cuHom-houfe officers. About the year 1709, Tophania 

 fled from one convent to another ; but fhe was at length 

 feized and thrown into prifon. Her imprifoninent, as flie 

 was under ecclefiaftical protedtion, excited the indignation 

 of the clergy, who endeavoured to raife an infurrection 

 among the people ; but they were appeafed upon Topha- 

 nia's confeffion, that fhe had poifoned all the fprings in 

 the city. ■ Upon the rack fhe acknowledged her wickednefs ; 

 her proteftors fled, and fhe was ftrangled ; and in order 

 to iniUgate the archbifliop, her body was thrown, at night, 

 into the area of the convent from which it was taken. Her 

 fecret did not die with her ; but her poifon was fecretly 

 prepared and adminiflered at Naples after her death. It 

 was afterwards prefumed, from the effefts of her poifon, 

 that it was a preparation of arfenic. Kayfler. Beckmann, 

 Hift. Invent, vol. i. 



TORPEDO, a kind of deflruftive machine, invented by 

 Mr. Fulton, to whom we owe the conftruftion of the much 

 more ufeful naval machine, "viz. the fleam-boat. Add — This 

 fubmarine mine, however it may give celebrity to the inge- 

 nuity of the inventor, will, we truil, for the fake of humanity 

 and the honour of naval conflicts, never be adopted in any 

 civilized nation. 



TORRES VEDRAS. Add— This ancient town lies 

 about feven leagues from Lifbon, and is fituated in a fmall 

 plain, about three leagues from the fea, on the river Zigan- 

 dra. It owes its name to the circumftance of there being 

 the ruins of many old towers in its neighbourhood. The 

 principal one, or caflle, has been repaired, and fervcs as a 

 point of defence to the works throv.n up at this important 

 pafs, which covers two cfreat roads leading to Lifbon from 

 this point, one by Mafra, the other by Euxarra dos Caval- 

 leiros. Although this may be a fufficient defcription of it 

 in a geographical point of view, we do not think it ihould 

 be omitted to be here ftated, that the celebrated polition 

 occupied by the duke of Wellington to cover Lifbon in the 

 fall of the year 1810, took its name from this town, which 

 formed one of the principal points of the line of defence, 

 which was carried acrofs from the Tagus to the fea, pre- 

 fenting a contour of about forty miles, of fuch an impofing 

 nature as to render unavailing all the efforts of an almoft. 

 overwhelming French army, under one of their moft dif- 

 tinguifhed marfhals, to expel the Anglo-Portuguefe from 



the 



