V I o 



wheel to the aftion of a man in walking, confifls of two 

 wheels, one behind the other, conneftcd by a perch, on 

 which is placed a faddle for the feat of the traveller. The 

 front wheel is made to turn on a pivot, and is guided in the 

 fame manner as a Bath-chair. On a cufliion in front, the 

 fore-arm is refled, and by fo doing the machine and the 

 traveller are kept in equilibrio. 



The management is as follows : — The traveller, having 

 placed himfelf on the faddle, with his elbows extended, and 

 his body a little inclined forward, muft reft his arms on the 

 cufhion, and preferve his equihbrium by prefling lightly on 

 that fide which appears to be rifing. The rudder (if it 

 may be fo called) muft be held by both hands, which are 

 not to reft on the cufhion, but to extend fomewhat beyond 

 it, that they may be at full liberty, as they are no lefs 

 eflential to the conduft of the machine than the arms are to 

 the maintenance of the balance of it, for which purpofe 

 fufficient dexterity will be foon acquired by attention and 

 praftice ; then, placing lightly the feet on the ground, 

 long but very flow fteps are to be taken in a right line, 

 at firft care being taken not to turn the toes out, left the 

 heels fhould come in contaft with the hind wheel. Dex- 

 terity in managing the equilibrium and direftion of the 

 machine fhould be acquired before any attempt is made to 

 accelerate the motion of the feet, or to keep them elevated 

 while it is in rapid motion. This machine will run for a 

 confiderable diftance while the rider is inaftive, and with 

 the fame rapidity as when his feet are in motion ; and in 

 defcent it will furpafs the beft horfes in a great diftance, 

 without being expofed to the rillcs incident to them, as it is 

 guided by the mere gradual motion of the fingers, and may 

 be inftantly ftopped by the feet. The faddle, as well as 

 the cuftiion, may be raifed or lowered at pleafure, fo as to 

 fuit the height of different perfons. The inventor propofes 

 to conftruft thefe machines to carry two perfons, and to be 

 impelled by each alternately, or by both at once ; and 

 with three or four wheels, with a feat for a lady ; befides 

 the application of a parafol or umbrella : and he alfo pro- 

 pofes to avail himfelf of a fail, with a favourable wind. 



The velocipede has been introduced into this country 

 under letters patent, by Mr. Johnfon, a coach-maker in 

 Long Acre, by whom it has been much improved, both in 

 lightnefs and iirength. 



VENICE, col. 5, 1. 10 from bottom. Add— At the 

 laft cenfus, taken about the year 18 15, the population was 

 ftated to be about 100,000 ; and it is faid to be decreafing. 



VENTRILOQUOUS, 1. 7, add— and Lahynx. 



Vol. XXXVII. 



VERMILICN, col. 2, 1. 20, add — The painter's vermi- 

 lion is a faftitious cinnabar, made by fublimating a com- 

 pound of fulphur and mercury. 



VERNON, in Geography, a town of Tolland county, in 

 Connefticut, containing 827 inhabitants. 



VESICULA Fellis. See Liver for Gall-B /adder. 



VESTIS Angelica, for Angelic. 



VIENNA, in Geography, a townftiip of Trumbull 

 county, in Ohio, including 234 inhabitants. 



VIOLIN. Add — The art of holding the bow, and of 

 placing and moving it on the ftrings, is the moft difficult and 

 important to incipient praftitioners on the violin, which they 

 have to encounter ; as upon that depend the force, fweet- 

 nefs, and penetrating power of the tone. They muft pay 

 great attention not to prefs too hard upon the ftring, fo as 

 to make it curve and deviate from a right line ; for then 



UNI 



the tone would be harrti and coarfe. Neither muft the 

 bow be laid too lightly on the ftrings, as the tone would 

 then whiftle and be too feeble. The juft point of accuracy 

 in this particular is, to place the hair on the ftrings in fuch 

 a manner, that every part of it is in contaft with whichever 

 may be wanted. The bow muft not aft too near the bridge, 

 nor too diftant from it, as only dull and unpleafing founds 

 would be produced. 



VI RAJ, 1. II, for her r. ten 

 VLSHNU, col. 2, 1. 4, for fent r. fcent. 

 VITELLUS. See Yolk. 



UNDERSTANDING. See il/^«/a/ Philosophy. 

 UNITED STATES, col. 6, 1. 13 from bottom, add— 

 See Ca.val. Col. 7, 1. 8 from bottom, add — The manufac- 

 tures of the United States, previoudy to the peace of 18 15 

 which reduced their number and value, were eftimated at 

 the following yearly amounts : 



Span. Dollars. 

 viz. Manufaftures of Wood - - 25,000,000 



Leather - - - 24,000,000 

 Soap and tallow candles 10,000,000 

 Spermaceti candles and oil 500,000 

 Refined fugar - - 1,600,000 



Cards - - - 300,000 



Hats ... 13,000,000 



Spirituous and malt- 1 



liquors - - .}H.OOO,000 



Iron ... 18,000,000 



Cotton, wool, and flax 45,000,000 



Total 



^151,400,000 



Their prefent value has not been afcertained, but it appears 

 that the exports of their manufaftures amounted in 181 1 to 

 a total of .cS^i,553,ooo, including thofe for domeftic mate- 

 rials at .i§^ 1, 3 2 1,000, and thofe from foreign materials at 

 <8'232,000; and in 1816 to .^1,755,000, including 

 ^1,415,000 of the former kind and^^340,000 of the latter. 

 The manufaftures from foreign materials were, fpirit* 

 from molafles, refined fugar, chocolate, gunpowder, brafs 

 and copper, with medicines. The manufacture of wool it 

 rapidly extending, as are alfo thofe of iron and hemp, and 

 efpecially the latter, and alfo that of cotton. The manu- 

 fatture of gunpowder nearly fupplies the home market, 

 which is alfo the cafe with regard to coarfe earthen-ware, 

 window-glafs, glafs bottles, and decanters. About a million 

 of bufhels of fait are manufactured annually ; and falt-petre 

 is largely manufactured in Virginia, Kentucky, Maffachu- 

 fetts, Eall and Weft Tenneflee. Sugar from the maple-tree 

 is produced in Ohio, Kentucky, Vermont, and Eaft Ten- 

 neflee, to the amount of nearly 10 millions of pounds 

 annually. Weft Tenneflee and Vermont afford abundance 

 of good copperas : 25 millions of gallons of ardent fpirit* 

 are annually diftilled and confumed in the United States : 

 400 water and horfe mills, working 120,000 fpindlcs, are 

 employed in fpinning cotton. The fulling-mills amount to 

 2000, and the number of looms exceeds 400,000 ; and the 

 number of yards of cloth, manufaftured from wool, cotton, 

 and flax, is about 100 miUions. They have 300 gunpowder- 

 mills, 600 furnaces, forges, and bloomeries, and 200 paper- 

 mills. 



In the ftate of Vermont, the chief manufaftures are thofe 

 of iron, lead, pipe-clay, marble, diftilleries, maple-iugar, 

 flour, and wool. In Maflachufetts, the principal manufac- 

 tures are, duck, cotton, woollen, cut-nails (by a machine 

 invented in Newbury port, which is capable of cutting two 

 hundred thoufand in a day), paper, cotton and wool card*, 

 4 P 2 playing- 



