VOL 



For further particulars we refer to general Hamilton's 

 " Report on the Subjedl of Maniifaftures ;" alfo his " Re- 

 ports on Public Credit," and " On a National Bank ;" 

 Tench Coxe's " View of the United States ;" Gallatin's 

 " Sketches of the Finances of the United States ;" " Trea- 

 fury Reports from 1 790 to 181 7;" Bludget's " Econo- 

 mica ;" Pitkin's " Statiftics of the United States ;" and 

 Brifted's " America and her Refources," Lond. 1818. 



Col. 12, Population in 181 7, ftated by Brifted in his 

 " America and her Refources." 



States anil Terrilories. 



Maine 



MafTachufetts 



New H amp (hire 



Vermont 



Rhode idand 



Connefticut 



New York 



New Jerfey 



Pennfylvania 



Delaware 



Maryland 



Virginia 



Ohio 



Kentucky 



Tenneflee 



North Carolina 



South Carolina 



Georgia 



Louifiana 



Indiana 



Diftricl of Columbia 



MiflifTippi Territory 



Illinois Territory 



Michigan Territory 



North-wefl Territory 



MilTouri Territory 



Population. 

 318,64.7 

 504,392 

 302,733 

 296,450 

 88,321 

 349,568 



1,486,739 

 345,822 

 986,494 

 108,334 

 502,710 



1,347,496 



394.752 

 683,752 

 489,624 

 701,224 



5'54.78j 



408,567 



108,923 



86,734 



37.892 



104,550 



39,000 



9.743 



68,794 



Brifted obfenes, that the population of the whole 

 United States has hitherto doubled itfelf in lefs than 

 twenty-five years. The New England ftates, he fays, of 

 courfe do not retain their proportion of this increafe, be- 

 caufe large bodies of thefe people migrate annually to the 

 weftern country, which has therefore increafed much fafter 

 than the ftates to the fouthward. Kentucky, e. gr. has in- 

 creafed 80 per cent, in ten years ; Tenneflee, 95 ; Ohio, 

 180; Louiliana, 150; Indiana, 800; Miffiflippi territory, 

 160 ; Illinois territory, 700 ; MilTouri territory, 600 ; Mi- 

 chigan territory, 6oo ; while of all the Atlantic ilates, the 

 greatcft increafe is only 44 ^cr ren/., the population growth 

 of New York ; and the leaft is, that of Virginia, only 20 

 per cent. ; fo that in a few years the ftates will range, if the 

 future be like the paft, as to their aggregate population in 

 the following order, -uiz. New York, Pennfylvania, Vir- 

 ginia, Kentucky, Ohio, North Carolina, Maflachufetts, 

 South Carolina, Tenneflee, Maryland, Georgia, New Jer- 

 fey, Connecticut, Vermont, Louifiana, New Hamplhire, 

 Indiana, MilTouri, Miffiffippi, Illmois, Delaware, and Rhode 

 ifland. 



VOLTAISM, 1. 13. — The general conclufion deduced 

 by Galvani from his experiments was, that the animal body 

 ponefles an inherent eleftricity of a fpecific kind, which is 

 connefted with the nervous fyftem, and conveyed by means 

 of the metals into the mufcles, fo as to throw them into 

 convulfions. From his difcoveries he formed, with a preci- 

 pitance that led, him into error, a theory of mufcular 

 motion, according to which the body contains an apparatus 



VOL 



analogous to the Leyden phial, its different parts being 

 in different ftates of eleftricity, and the metals forming 

 a conneftion between them, by which the eleftricity is 

 equalized. Fowler, in his " Effay on Animal Electri- 

 city," publiftied in 1793, concludes, that the galvanic in- 

 fluence is not referable to eleftricity, becaufe, for the pro- 

 duction of the former, the prefence of two different metals 

 appears to be neceffary, while eleftricity, as proceeding 

 from the eleftrical machine, is excited by the adlion of an 

 electric upon a conduftor. He alfo endeavours to fliew, 

 fays Dr. Boftock, the ingenious hiftorian of galvanifm, that 

 electricity and galvanifm are not, in all cafes, conduced by 

 the fame fubftances ; and he alfo made fome curious obferva- 

 tions upon the effeft of galvanifm on animals not furnifhed 

 with dlftinct limbs, fuch as worms of various kinds. In the 

 fame year, 1793, profeffor Volta's communications appeared 

 in the Philofophical Tranfactions of London, who adds to 

 his luminous account of Galvani's difcovery many curious 

 experiments and obfervations of his own. He attempted, 

 and with complete fuccefs, fays Dr. Boftock, to overthrow 

 Galvani's opinion, that the animal body bears an analogy to 

 the Leyden phial, its different parts being in oppofite ftates 

 of eleftricity. He fuggefted, that for the produftion of 

 the effett it was effential to have two different metals ; and 

 hence he was led to conclude, that the m.ufcular contrac- 

 tions are produced by fmall portions of eleftricity that are 

 liberate'', by the aftion of the metals upon each other. 

 This aftion of the metals upon each other is defcribed as 

 deftroying their eleclrical equilibrium ; and by eftablifhing 

 a communication between tliem, their equilibrium is reftor- 

 ed. This deftruftion of equihbrium he confiders as a new 

 law of electricity dlfcovered by himfelf ; and the animal is 

 fuppofed to have no further concern in it, than as being a 

 peculiarly fenfible electrometer, and affording a very dehcate 

 teft of the prefence of this dlfengaged eleftricity in its 

 paffage from one metal to the other. He alfo eftabliflied 

 another point, wz. that the nerve is the organ on which 

 the galvanic influence immediately acts ; but he found that 

 if a part of a mufcle be laid upon two different metals, and 

 thefe be made to communicate, a contraftion is produced. 

 He alfo confirmed the fact, previoufly noticed by Fowler, 

 but by ir.d.'pendent experiments, that fnails and worms 

 could not be made to contraft ; but that many of the in- 

 fers, as butterflies and beetles, were fubjeft to the in- 

 fluence of the metals. For an account of Dr. Wells's 

 experiments and obfervations, we refer to his paper in 

 the Phil. Tranf. for 1795. Profeffor Volta, profecuting 

 his inquiry into the nature of galvanifm, was led to introo 

 duce a new principle into his theory. Having before ftated 

 that two metals were effential to the extrication of the 

 electric influence, he informs us, that their metalhc nature 

 may be difpenfed with, provided that the fubftances differ 

 in their power of conducting eleftricity. Accordingly he 

 divides conduftors into the two claffes of dry and moift ; the 

 firft including metals and charcoal ; the latter, effentlally 

 confiftlng of water, holding various fubftances in folution. 

 In order to form a galvanic circuit, it is neceffary that a 

 body from one of thefe clafl'es be placed between two bodies 

 from the other clafs : and thus the equilibrium is deftroyed, 

 which is again reftorcd when the two are united by a con- 

 duftor. (See Galvanism.) For further particulars we 

 are under a neceflity of referring to Dr. Boftock's very va- 

 luable " Account of the Hlftory and prefent ftate of gal- 

 vanifm," 8vo. London, 1819. 



At the clofe, add — It is natural to conclude, that gal- 

 vanic eleftricity wjuld be applicable to medical purpjfes. 

 Accordingly we find, that about the year 1804, it wa? ex- 



tenfively 



