I N D 



r.r.d expeftative graces ; of wliich kind are thofe of a par- 

 li:::nciit, of graduates, maiidiitaries. 



The indul:o of kings is I'le power given tlicnrof prefcnt- 



: .: toconfillorial benefices, either by treaty, by favour, or 



III privilege. 



I'iio indulto of cardinals is a licence for holding regular 



11 as fecularben-fices, and for difpofing of benefices in 



• n^im, or continuing them, &c. 



, ululto of parliament is a right of privilege formerly 

 ted to the cliancellor, prefidents, counfellors, and other 

 ciFie.rs in the parliaments of France, to obtain a benefice of 

 t!:e collator, uijim the king's nomination direcled to him. 

 Tiiis WIS a kind of advowlon, or patronage, belonging to 

 tlie Fr nch king ; the indulto being a mandate, or grace, 

 bv which he was permitted to name to any collator he plcafcd 

 a L-ounfe!lor, or other officer of parliament, on whom the 

 • r fhould be obiiged to bellow a benefice; fo that the 

 ■- of the indulto refided radically in the king, the officers 

 X onlv the obiefis thereof. 

 iNDULPHlTS, m Biography, the feventy-feventh king 

 of Scotland, began his reign in the year 951^. The early 

 years of his reign were peaceable and profperous, but after- 

 wards his kingdom was invaded feveral times by the Danes, 

 who were enraged againlt him for making an alliance with tiie 

 Englidi. Tlitir firlt defcent was upon Eail Lothian, whence 

 ihey were foon expelled, but crolTed over to Fife. Here 

 they were defeated, and driven out, and fo well had Indul- 

 phus taken care to guard the coatls, that they could iir.d 

 7)0 other opportunity of invading the country ; till, having 

 thrown the Scots off their guard, they made good their 

 landing in Bantfiliire. Here Indul; lius attacked them in 

 their camp, and drove them towards their ihips, but was 

 killed in an ambufcade, into wiiich he fell during tlie piir- 

 fuit. 



INDULTO, in Commerce, denotes a duty, tax, or 

 <uitom paid to the king of Spain for all fuch commodities as 

 are imported from the Weit Indies in the galleons. 



INDURATING, a term applied to fuch things as 

 ■give a harder or firmer confiltence to others, either by the 

 greater folidity of their particles, or by difiipating the 

 thinner parts of any matter, fo as to leave the remainder 

 harder. 



INDURATION of Str.^ta, in Geology, denotes the 

 change which all the maifes of the earth evidently have under- 

 gone fince they were depoCted in their prefeut fituation in a 

 fluid or plaltic Hate ; under the article H.\kdening of Strata, 

 we have noticed fume of the facts and theories on this fubjecl, 

 to which we beg to refer. 



INDUS, or Sisni':, or, according to the proper Sanfcrit 

 name Sundlroo, under which name it was not unknown 

 to the Romans [Ic/hs bicotis Simlue appetlatia; Pliny, 1 vi. ) 

 a celebrited river of Afia, which is formed of about to 

 principal iireams, that defcend from the mountains of Perfia, 

 Tartary, and Hmdooltan, on the N.E. and N.W. ; all 

 which ftreams, uniting near Moultan in Hindooftan, form 

 this famous river. The Ayin Acharce fays, the SiuJe, 

 according to fome, rifes Letv.-oen Cafhmere and Cafligar, 

 whihl others place its fource in Khatai, meaning probably 

 Koten, the Chatje of Ptolemy, and not China. It is clear, 

 however, that the people of Hindooftan confider the north- 

 ealtern branch as the true Sinde, though the ancients feemed 

 to have reckoned othcrwife ; for Pliny fays " in jngo Caucafi 

 TOontis, quod vocatur Paropamifus, adverfus Solis ortum 

 cffufus." The emperor Baher, indeed, applies the name of 

 Sindc to one of ite v/eflern branches, that fprings near Ba- 

 tnian, but he appears to differ in this particular from the reil 

 of hii countrymen ; for the name of Nilab, which was ap> 



I N D 



plied to tliexivcr that ran by the fcite of Attock (long be- 

 fore that city was founded), was applied alfo to the fime 

 river, in its courfe through Little Thibet ; and Nilab is fy. 

 nonymous with Sinde. (See Nilab.) The Indus, under 

 the name of Nilab, pafTes through the country of Little 

 Thibet ; and its head mull be on the well of the great ridge 

 of mountains called by the ancients Imaus, becaufe on the 

 call of it, the rivers all run in a direftion oppofite to that of 

 the Indus. About 20 miles above Attock, the periodical 

 rains, which fell on t!ie northern mountains, having confider- 

 ably fwelled the river, its breadth was about j of s 

 niile ; its courfe rapid and turbulent, and its water extreme!) 

 cold, with a great quantity of black fand fufpended in it. 

 At Attock the Indus is joined by the Cabul, and very con- 

 iiderably increafed by it, fo that from Attock downwards 

 to Mouhan, or to the conflux of the Panjab waters, where 

 it has obtained the na.iie of Attock, it is no longer fordable ; 

 below that point it is called Soor, or Shoor, until it divides 

 itfelfinto a number of branches n?ar Tatta, where the prin- 

 cipal branch takes the name of M-kran. This river, how- 

 ever, when fpoken of general'y, is called Sinde ; although 

 particular parts of it are known by different names. I'he 

 Indus, and its branches, adn.it of an uninterrupted nariga- 

 tiou fro.m Tatta, the capital of Sindy, to Moultan and La- 

 hore, for velTels of near 200 tons. About 170 miles from 

 the fea, by the courfe of the river, the Indus divides into 

 two branches, of which the wefternmoll is by much the 

 largell. This branch, after a courfe of about 50 miles to 

 the S.W., divides into two more; the fmallelt of which 

 runs in a W.S.W. coiu-fc, to Larry-Bunder and Dacrawav ; 

 and thelargeft, taking the name of Ritchel river, runs in a 

 more fouthwardly courl'e to the town or village of Ritchel, 

 on the fea-coail. The oiher principal branch is that which 

 bounds the eadern fide of the Superior Delta ; feparatin<i, as, 

 wehavefaid, about 170 miles from the fea. It is fmaller 

 than the Ritchel river, but larger than th:it of Larry-Bun- 

 der, and according to chcun-.itances and report, it opens into 

 the mouth of the gidf cf Cutch, nearly opponte to Jigat 

 point ; its courfe being fomewhat to the eailward of fouth. 

 Major Reanell infers from various circumllances, that the 

 Delta of the Indus (feeDr.LT.v) is about 150 Britilh miles 

 in length along the iea-co;;;!, and about 1 15 in depth, from 

 the place of feparation of the fupcrior branches of tl-e 

 river, to the moll prominent point of the fea-coaft. The 

 lower part of this Delta isinttrfefted by rivers ajid creeks in 

 almcft every dircftion, like the Delta of ike Gmges, but 

 tt-ithout trees j the dry parts being covered with brulhwood, 

 and the remainder, being by much the greatell part, being 

 noifome fwaeips, or muddy lakes. The irjipcr part of the 

 Delta is well cultivated, and yields abundance of rice. Thi^ 

 Delta is fet apart for the breeding of camels, anfwering tliis 

 purpofe by means of the tender parts of its brufhwood, 

 which ferves them for fodder. The breadth of the Ritchel 

 branch is ellimated at one mile, jull above the tide ; and at 

 Tatta, at only half a mile. It is certain that the Indus is 

 very confidcrably lefs than the Ganges. The velocitv of il = 

 current is eftimatcd at four miles per hour in the drr 

 feafon ; but this is fuppofed by Rrnneil to be over-ratcJ. 

 The courfe of the Indu-s river is ilated by major Rcnnell at 

 (probably) 6\, thai of the Thames bring i. This in- 

 genious geographer mentions the moveable towns or villages 

 that are fituated on the banks of the river, noticed by Near- 

 chus and the Ayin Acbaree ; fome of which are tlie ha- 

 bitations of filhermen, and others of graziers ; which are 

 continually changing their pcfitions hke a camp. Few 

 rivers abound more with fi(h than the Indus does ; and among 

 thcfc are fome very delicious fori*. Tlie mouths of the 



Indus 



