I N S 



Iiollow place*, where the canker has eaten holes in the trees. 

 Their firft appearance is like a white down ; oh touching or 

 rubbing them they tinge the fir.gcrsof a crimfon colour, hke 

 cochinenl. If fuffercd to remain long on the trees, tiiey 

 take wing, like aphides.'' 



It is ftateu, by the fame author, that the method that has 

 l)een followed for thefc ten years to Jeilroy them, is to " nib 

 the places where their netls are with nn old bruih, fuch as 

 painters ufe, till they are all cleaned olf ; and if the part be 

 canker-eaten, to cut it clean out with a knife or chiflel; he 

 then takes of foap-fuds and urine equal parts, and with this 

 he waflies the wound and the bark all round it ; and with a 

 brudi applies the conipofition, mixed with wood-a{hes and the 

 powder (if burnt bones, covering the wound all over with it. 

 Afterwards he (liakes fome of the powder of wood-a(hes and 

 burnt bones, mixed with an eighth part of unflacked lime 

 finely powdered and fifted over the hollows, or where knobs 

 have been cut off." 



And it is advifed, that " at the fame time that the trees are 

 cL-ared of the cocci, the caterpillars .^liould be picked off." 



The writer remarks, that " the firft time that heobferved 

 the new coccus which has done fo much mifchief to the 

 apple-trees about London, was in a garden of his own at 

 Chclfea, about the year 1782 or 3 ; and as far as he can 

 lean:, they were imported among fome apple-trees, by the 

 late Mr. Swinton of Sloane-ftreet. Mr. Swinton afterwards 

 removed his nurfery to the King's Road near Chelfea col- 

 lege, v.hich now goes by the name of the Foreign Nurfery." 



By foir.e, train oil has been tried, laid on with a painter's 

 brafii, but without effeft. 



The feventh fort, or earwig, is often very dellruSive to 

 fruit, particidarly that of the peach kind. The method 

 recommended by Mr. Forfyth for dcllroying them, and 

 which he has long pi'.rfued with fucccfs, is to " take old 

 bean-ftalks, and cut them about nine inches long, tying 

 them up in fmall bundles with fome pack-thread, or with 

 fniall yellow wi.lows, and hanging them on nails again (I the 

 wall, at different pans of the trees. The firft thing in the 

 morning, being provided with a board r.buit eighteen inches 

 fquare, and a fmall wooden trowel, take do.vn the bundles 

 of bean-ftalks one by one, ftrike them againft the board, 

 and with your trowel kill the earwigs as they fall out of the 

 llalks. If you follow this np every morning, (or every 

 other morning,) you will be able to keep them under," with- 

 out much dilficulty. 



It is fuggefted, that this method anfwers for any fort of 

 trees iiifelled with earwigs. In fome years; the writer has 

 " feen a great part of the fruits, efpecially the fmooth- 

 Hcinned forts, dellroyed by thefe infefts, and a fmall green 

 caterpillar ; and in a fcarce year of f; nit, the leaves of 

 peaches arc frequently deftroyed by them." It is advifjd, 

 that " the (hreds taken from trees that have been unnailedin 

 autumn, (hould be foaked in boiUng hot foap-fuds for three 

 or four days previous to their being ufed again ; as tliis will 

 kill the eggs of earwigs and other infefts that may be Je- 

 polited on them." 



The eighth, the papilio or butterfly fort, belongs to tht 

 order lepidoptera. 



There are a great many fpecies of this genus, moftly 

 dillinguifhed by the colour of their wings. The more com- 

 mon forts, with their caterpillars, are well known ; and Mr. 

 Forfyth advife?, that the caterpillars and chryfalides (hould 

 be carefully picked off, and the trees wvU watered with 

 clear lime-water and tobacco- water mixed well together. 

 The ninth, the phalarna or moth kind, are extremely nu- 

 merou'!, their caterpillars differiii.; nuieh in fizc, ihapc, and 

 colour. After carting their flough fevrral time';, r.ll of thf-m 



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fpin their cod, in which they are transformed to chryralide». 

 Ill this Hate they are often found rolled up in the leaves of 

 fruit trees, efpecially thofe of the pear, plum, and cherry 

 kinds. Sec Pxi.\i..i x.\. 



And of the fphinx, or hawk moth kind, there are a vail 

 number of fpecies. Their caterpillars apply the hinder 

 parts of their bodies to the branches of the trees, holding 

 the reft erect ; hence the name. But in general they fpin 

 their cod unJer ground. They appear early in the morning, 

 or after fun fet, dying heavily, and making a fort of noifc. 

 Several of the caterpillars are green, and fome brown, yel- 

 low, fpotted, or befted. 



The phalsna nuftria, or lackey moth, depofits its eggs in 

 rings or circles round the branches of fruit trees, having the 

 appearance of a necklace. See Phal.t,xa. 



The tenth fort, or thrips, belongs to the order hemiptern, 

 and there are feveral fpecies. It is extremely fmall, fo as 

 fcarcely to he difcovered. This infed; produces great mif- 

 chief on fruit trees, devouring the fruit as well as the leaves. 

 It is capable of being deftroyed in a fimilar manner to that 

 of the cocci. 



But the nature of the various cffefts of thefe difFerenf 

 infects, and the means of removing them, will be more fully 

 confidered and explained, in defcribing the feveral vegetable 

 difsafcs that are produced by the attacks of different forts 

 of animals of this kind. See Vegf.t.^BLE Difcafe;. 



IxsiXTs, Pdrified, in Natiinil Hi/lory. The works of the 

 earlier writers- on extraneous foliils, contain accounts of 

 various infects faid to be found in the earth. Mr. William 

 Martin, a late and correct writer on this fubjecl, ieems, how- 

 ever, to doubt, whether the remains of any of the winged 

 tribe of infects have been found enveloped in the ftrata j 

 although fuch infefts in a perfeft and natur.il ftate of pre- 

 fervation are very common in pieces of amber. The lime- 

 ftone of Oening is faid by M.Werner to produce fpecimcns 

 of the larvx of the libeilula or dragon-fly, and of the nepa 

 or water-fcorpion. Infefts without wings, of the cancer, 

 monoculus, and onifcus genera, arc not uncommon in fome 

 ftrata. In his " Petriiicata Derbienfia," Mr. Martin de- 

 feribes and figures (tab. 45.) an ir.ieft found in the ftiale 

 hmeftone of Afhford ajid Bakewel! Moor, which hecahsthe 

 Derbyshire onifcite, and expreffes an opinion, which feems 

 pretty well founded, that it differs effentially from the onif- 

 cite of t.he Dudley and Coalbrook-dale hme quarries. He 

 alfo figures nnd defcribes a Innated monoculite, faid to be 

 found in iron-Hone, near Mansfield, in Nottinghamfhire, but 

 this probably is a miftake, particularly if others of the fame 

 kind were found near Cheftcrfield in Derbylhire. The late 

 ingenious Dr. Woodward had pcrfuaded himlelf, tliat all the 

 many flies and infefts preferved in amber, were of the vernal 

 tribes, and concurred with other foifil fubjefts in proving, 

 that the Mofaic deluge happened in the fpring feafon of the 

 year : hiter and more correct obfervations feem, however, to 

 prove, that r.il the organic remains of the ftrata, and even 

 ii'.oft of thofe of the alluvia^ cannot have relation to that 

 event, fince they differ effentially from the recent infefts, 

 animals, &c. to which they have a refemblance, and all fuch 

 feem rather to have been created and lived, during the fiic- 

 ceflive creation and depofi'ion of the mineral fublhinces, 

 compo.fing the ftrata in which tliey are imbedded, and king 

 prior to tiie creation of the prefent race of animals and vege- 

 tables, of whole origin Mofe;! has given us fo fuccinct and 

 fiVtisi^aftory an account, as according with the prefent ap- 

 pearances of nature. 



INSERTED CoLUMM. See Colvm:j. 



INSE itTlON, a term frequently ufed, \n Jmtamy, to 

 Cgiufv the iinpiieation of one part Antlun another. 



8 ITi'" 



