I N S 



turned by means of pedals, fo that each of thefe pipes can 

 be made to found one major comma or two major commas 

 flatter than the pitch of the pipe, niakii>g~in all 72 founds 

 in each oifave, which, by the 12 ufual finger keys and the 

 ufe of twelve pedals, enables the performer to give ^3 per- 

 feA keys, without any tempered harmonies. The inflru- 

 ment, ihewn ae above, has not b F, but contains 20 pipes, 

 and gives 60 different foands within th? otiave. See the 

 Philofophical Mafravine, vol. x.xxvii. p. 273, and our article 

 LlSTOs's ScoIls of Mujical Intervals . 

 In'STUument, IV'md. See WiNn. 

 INSTRUMENTAL Arithmetic. See Arithme- 

 tic. 



In-strumek't.m, Caufe. See C.-irsE. 

 INSTRUMENTUM Synodale. See Sykodale. 

 INSUFFL ATIO, a term ufed by fome writers in medi- 

 cine, to exprefs the blowing into any part, in order to con- 

 vey the fumes of medicine into it. 



INSULATE, or Insulated, a term applied to a co- 

 lumn or other ediiice, which ftands alone, or free and detached 

 from any contiguous vrall, S;c. hke an iiland in the fea ; 

 whence the denomination is apparently derived. 



Insulated, in Eledncity, is a term applied to bodies that 

 are fupportcd by eleftrics or non-conduflors ; fo that their 

 coi'nmunication with the earth, by conducting fubftances, is 

 interrupted. 



INSULT, in Laiu. See Assault. 

 Insult, a military term ufed for the attack of any poft 

 with open force : without the apparatus of trenches, faps, 

 or any regular approaches. See Assault. 



INSULTUS, a word ufed by the writers in medicine to 

 fignify the accefs of the paroxyfm in intermittent difeafes, or 

 fometimes the firil invafion of a difeafe. 



INSUMA, in Geography, a town of Arabia, in the pro- 

 vince of Hedsjas ; 10 miles S.W. of Mecca. 



INSUPER, a word ufed by the auditors of the Ex- 

 chequer. In their accompts they fay, fo much remains in- 

 fuper to fuch an accomptant 5 that is, fo much remains due 

 on his accompt. 



INSURANCE, or Assurance, in La-^- and Commerce, 

 a Gontrait or agreement whereby one party, in confidera- 

 tion of a tlipulated fum, undertakes to in iemnify the other, 

 againft certain perils or riiks to which he is expofed, or 

 againft the happening of fome event. 'I'he party, who takes 

 upon himfelf the rilk, is called the " Iiilurer," fometimes 

 the " Underwriter," from his fubfcribing his name at the 

 foot of the policy ; the party protected by the infurance is 

 called the " infurcd ;" the fum paid to the infurer, as the 

 price of the rilk, is called the " premium;" and the written 

 inllrument, in which the contraft is fet forth and reduced to 

 foiin, is called a *' policy of infurance, or affurance." See 

 Policy-. 



The rifks againfl which infurances are made are infi- 

 nitely various, and many frauds have been pra&ifed on tiic 

 ignorant and credulous, under pretence of infurance, which 

 the legiflature has found it ncceilary, from time to time, to 

 leprefs. In the reign of queen Anne, feveral offices were 

 opened for making ii'.furances on marriages, births, chriften- 

 ings, fervice, &c., and fr.iudijent prailices prc\'ailed to fuch 

 a degree, that by llat. q Ann. c. 6. J ■^y, a penalty of 500/. 

 is impofed on every perfon fetting up fuch otSce, and locA 

 on every perfon making fucii aflurancgs in any office already 

 fet up. Fraudideiit infurauces have alfo occurred among 

 dealers ia lotLei^ tickets, the (hares and the chances of them, 



1 N S 



which, befides the reftraints to which they are fubjecf^- \n 

 the annual lottery afts, have occafioned the ftat. 27 Geo. III. 

 c. I, made exprefsly with a view to this evil, and by whici; 

 they have been confiderably diminilfied. See Lottery. 



Infurances of the greateft pubhc utility are, " Mariiii? 

 Infurances," including bottomry and refpondentia, which aij 

 a fpecies of marine infurance (fee each of thefe articles ) ; — 

 " Infurance upon Lives" (fee Assukakce) ; and " 1:;- 

 furances againft Loffesby Fire." 



Insurances, Marine, are made for the protection of p 

 fons having an intereft in lliips, or goods on board, ironi ! 

 lofs or damage that may happen to them from the peril 

 the fea, during a certain voyage, or a fixed period of tin 

 By " peril" is here meant, not danger or hazard, accortli 

 to the common acceptation of the term ; but it fignifies i'. 

 "happening" of the event or misfortune of which danger 

 was apprehended. The utility of this contraft confiits m 

 the proteftion it affords to maritime commerce, by dividing 

 lofTes, when they happen, between many, fo as to make them 

 fall lefs heavily on individuals, who are thus enabled to em- 

 bark their whole capitals in hazardous enterprifes. (See the 

 preamble to the ftat. 43 Eliz. c. 12 ) As the Turks are 

 unacquainted with infurance, they require for the loan of 

 money 15 or 20 per cent.; and when they lend money 

 to merchants ^vho trade by fea, they charge 30 per cent. 

 Some have afcnbed the invention of infurance to the ancient 

 Romans. Accordingly Piiffendorf, Barbeyrac, Loccanius, 

 Kulpis, and others, refer to a paftage in Livy (1. xxiii c 44.). 

 who fays, tliat when the Roman army in Spain was dillreifed 

 for provifions, cloathing, and other neceflaries, a company 

 engaged to convey to them every thing of which they ftood 

 in need, under this ftipulation, that the ftate ftiould make 

 good their lofs, in cafe their velfels ftiould be fnip-.vrecked by 

 ftorms, or taken by the enemy. This was undoubtedly a 

 promife of indemnification, but by no means an infurance, in 

 which it is always neceftary to give a premium. Kulpis, 

 Anderfon, Malyne, and others, rely on the authority of 

 Suetonius (1. v. c. 18.) who tells us, that the emperor Clau- 

 dius promifed to indemnify merchants for their lolfes, if their 

 ftiips lliould perilh by ftorms at fea ; but neither this paiTage 

 nor another that has been referred to in Valerius Maximus 

 (1. vi. c. 5.), contains any thing that can be applied to in- 

 furance in the modern fenfe of the term, A paftage has 

 alfo been quoted bv Grotius from Cicero's epiftles (Epift. 

 ad Fam. ii. ep. 7.1, as a proof that the Romans were ac- 

 quainted with this contraft. But Cicero's words, juftly in- 

 terpreted, feem to bear a much ftronger allufion to the prac- 

 tice of remitting money by means of bills of exchange, than 

 to that of infuring againft the perils of the fea. In the Pan- 

 dects we have an oblervation of Ulpian, which affords greater 

 reafon for fuppofing that the contract of infurance was not 

 altogether unknown to the Romans, than any of the paflages. 

 already cited. He fays (Dig. 1. xlv. de verb, oblig.), " lUa 

 ftipulatio, decem mlllia falva fore promittis ? valet." This 

 paffajje, however, ftiews, as ferjeant Marftiall has obferved, 

 that the contradt alluded to, wliatever it might have beenj 

 was very little known at the time when Ulpian wrote, fince 

 he thought it neceifary to remark, that " it was net illegal." 

 Malyne, Anderfon, &c. affirm, that infurance is mentioned 

 in the marine laws of the ifle of Oleron, on tlie coaft of 

 France, which was much celebi-ated in the nth, 12th, and 

 following centuries, on account of its trade. But in thefe 

 laws there is no trace of infurance, as the learned editor, 

 Cleirac, acknowledges. The celebrated maritime laws of 

 the city of Wi(by, in the ifland of Gotliland, are equa'ly 

 filcnt with regard to infurance. Infurance was, uudoubtedly, 

 6 not 



