I N T 



to be perceptible, we fee a flight down on tlie head, con- 

 cealed, in great meafure. by the white unftiioiis matter. 

 The colouriefs down begins to afiume fomething of the 

 tint which the hair will have after birth, but it is in all cafes 

 pale tiUlbmh, when it may be half an incli long on the head, 

 although it is only in the ftate of down in any other part. 

 It grows much more rapidly afier birth than before ; but 

 is always comparatively lighter in colour in proportion as 

 the fubjeft is younger. The age of puberty witneffes a re- 

 markable change in this fyftem in the devclopement of the 

 beard, of the hair about the organs of generation, and in 

 the axillae. It undergoes very little change in the following 

 years ; but is faid to grow more rapidly in fimimer than in 

 winter. Towards the end of life the hairs feel that general 

 obliteration which affects all the exterior vefTels : it ceafes to 

 receive colouring matter, and becomes grey. On the fubjecl 

 of this change, fee Haiu. After remaining grey for foma 

 time they fall off, and the bulbs fbrink and difappcar. 

 Kichat found no traces of the latter parts in the integuments 

 of perfeftly bald old men : but they were entire in thi; cafe 

 of a man who had loft his iiair from a putrid fever. 



It has been very generally fuppofed that, the hair, nails, 

 and epidermis continue to grow after death : but we have 

 no very accurate obfervations on tliis fnbjeft. Bichat faw 

 the facl in a clofely ihavcn head macerated for eight days : 

 and there is no greater difficulty in admitting this than in 

 allowing that the abforbing veflels can continue their aftion 

 at the fame time. The growth of the hair does not feem to 

 go on at a rate proportioned to the degree of hving power : 

 it is as rapid in cafes of proftration as in thofe where thefe 

 forces are augmented. 



Bichat, Anatomic Generale, torn. 4. Haller, Elemcnta 

 Phyfiologix, lib. 12. Cruikfhank on the Infenfible Per- 

 fpiration. 



Iktec-umen'T is alfo extended to the particular mem- 

 branes which invell certain parts of the body ; as tlie coats 

 or tunics of the eve. 



INTELLECT, a term ufed among philofophers, to fig- 

 sify that faculty of the foul ufually called the umhrjianding. 

 The Peripatetics make tv.-o kinds of intelle<£l ; atfi=oe and 

 pajjive. See Ir>EA. 



INTELLECTUAL Educatiox, is that branch of 

 education which rcfpefts the under.laiiding, conlidered in 

 diftinftion from the affections and difpotitions. By intellec- 

 tual education we underlland that feries of means by which 

 the various powers, which may be called the intelleftual 

 powers, are cultivated ; by which thofe habitual qualities of 

 mind are prodiiced, which immediately refpeft the acquili- 

 tion of knowledge, or are eifentially auxiliary to it ; and 

 by which the mind is ilored wiih thofe ideas which are fub- 

 fervient to fcieutitic acquirements, or to the arts and purfuits 

 of life. 



The full confideration of thefe objefts would lead to three 

 primary divifions of this branch of education : iirtl:, the cul- 

 tivation of the feveral intellectual powers and qualities ; 

 fecondly, the value and mode of cultivation of the different 

 branches of knowledge ; and thirdly, the pecuhar culture 

 of mind and intellectual acquilitions requifite for the different 

 fexes, clafTes, and profefiions. In a field fo wide, it is necef- 

 fary to make foitie feleclion. In our prefent article we fliall 

 chiefly confine ourfclves to a brief confideration of the cul- 

 ture of the leading intellcclual powers and qualities. The 

 lafl of the three divilions (which will include fome remarks 

 cUning under the fecond), would in fome meafure lead us 

 to anticipate what more properly comes under the head of 

 MoJiAL KJiuatkn ; and wc (hall therefore leave the coufi- 



I N T 



deration of it to that article, for which alfo we fhall, for the 

 fame rcafon, defer a comparative view of tlie advantages of 

 public and private education. 



Though it is not our bufincfs, in this department, to enter 

 into the fubjeft of mental philofophy, yet, as in a work fo' 

 cxtenfive as the prefent, the fame arrangement, views, and 

 employment of terms cannot be expefted throughout, we 

 fhall find it at leafl expedient to fay more refpefting tlie 

 feveral powers of the mind than might be in any way requi- 

 fite, if we were poffeffed of what will be brought forwards in 

 a more direft form, under its appropriate head : indepen- 

 dently of which confideration, we fhould be induced to give 

 fuch general views of the intellcclual powers as are neceffary, 

 in order to underlland the principles of education, by the 

 hope that thus we might be the means of exciting the atten- 

 tion of fome of our readers to a branch of knowledge which 

 is of peculiar importance, not only in the education of others, 

 but in the cultivation of our own mind.-;. 



The firll of the intellectual powers in the order of devc- 

 lopement is of courfe fenfation (or lefs ambiguoufly the fen- 

 fitive power) ; by which is mear.t that power or capacity 

 of the mind, by whole operation it receives fenfations from 

 things which affecl the organs of fenfe. Proceeding in the 

 fame order, we next find the retentive power, with.out which 

 fenfations would be of no avail : this is the power or capa- 

 city of the mind, by which it retains relids of fenfations or 

 ideas. Next fucceeds the alTociative power, which is that 

 power or capacity of the mind by which it connefls and 

 compounds ideas. This lall principle, if not the foie caufe 

 of ail our mental phenomena ( except the origin of fenfations, 

 and the retention of the fimple uncompounded relicts of 

 them), has fome effedl in the origin and modification of all 

 of them. It is owing to tliis important principle that fenfa- 

 tions become the figns of thoughts and feelings, by which 

 means man becomes a focial being ; that the whole mental 

 furniture of perceptions, notions, affections, pafiions, fcnti- 

 ments, emotions, &c. is formed from the fimple relicts of 

 fenfation ; that man, from mere fenfation, rifes to intellect. 

 In Ihort, whatever mental operation we attend to, except 

 at the very earlicll period of mental culture, we find affocia- 

 tion the caufe of its produitions, or intimately concerned in 

 it. 



Thefe three powers may be confidcred as the elementary- 

 powers of the mind, to the operation of which all intellectual 

 phenomena may be referred ; but as it is under peculiar 

 modifications and combinations that we fee them att, this 

 fummary divifion would be infufficient for our pnrpofe. We 

 fhall therefore follow in the order which we find mofl con- 

 venient, a fomewhat more minute divifion of our intellectual 

 principles, according to the combinations, or peculiar modes 

 of operation, of the fimple powers ; -viz. fenf^ation, percep- 

 tion, obfervation, attention, abltrattion«onfidercd both as 

 a liabit and as a power, memory, underllanding, and imagi- 

 nation. 



I. Seiifat'iom are the rudiments or elements of all our i«eas, 

 that is, of all onr thoughts and feelings. When an infant 

 enters into the world, there is no appearance whatever 

 which can autiiori'/.e any one to affert that tliere are ideas 

 in its mind ; and no one can rpafonably doubt, that if a 

 human being cculd be deprived of all liis org^ms of fenfation, 

 before any fenfations bad been rt^-eivSfl, that he could never 

 have ideas. In the earliell exercife of the capacity of fenfa- 

 tion, fenfations are iimple, uncompounded wiih the reliits of 

 former correfponding fenfations ; but the fenfations very 

 foon become percopliohs, that is, they inllanianeouJly recal 

 the relicts of Oliier correfponding fenfations. That foiifa. 

 11 !i i liunsj, 



