I N T 



thf intellate, and tlie rcfidue diflributed equally to every of 

 thi r.ext kindred of the inleftate, who are in equal degree, 

 and thoie -..ho legally rcprefent them ; provided that there 

 be no repreferitaiicns admitted among coUaterals, after 

 brothers and fillers cijildren : and if there be no widow, the 

 faid eilate fhall be wholly diftributed in equal fhares among 

 the childreii , or if there be no chil^, to the next of kindred 

 in equal degree, and their legal reprefentatives. But no 

 fuch diflribulion of the goods of an inteftate (hould be made 

 till after one year be fully expired after his death, and thofe 

 to whom diftribution is made, are required to give bonds 

 with fufficient fureties, to refund in cafe of debts. 



This Itatute of dillributions bears a near refemblance to 

 our ancient Englifh law, " de rationubili parte bonorum," 

 which fir Edward Coke himfelf (2lnil. 33.), though he 

 doubted the generality of its reflraint on the power of devif- 

 ing by will, held to be univerfally binding (in point of con- 

 fcience at leaft) upon the adminiftrator or executor, in the 

 cafe of either a total or partial intellacy. It alfo bears 

 feme refemblance to the Roman law of fucceffion " ab intef- 

 tato ;" which, and becaufe the aft was alfo penned by an emi- 

 nent civilian (fir Walter Walker), has occafioned a notion 

 that the parharaent of England copied it from the Roman 

 prxtor, though it is little more than a redoration, with fome 

 refinements and regulations, of our old conttitutional law ; 

 which prevailed as an ellabliflied right and cuftom from the 

 time of king Canute downwards, many centuries before Juf- 

 tinian"s laws were known or heard of in the weilern parts of 

 Europe. Judge Blackllone obferves, however, that the 

 dottriue and limits of reprefentation, laid dowrt in the flatute 

 of dillributions, feems to have been principally borrowed 

 from the civil law ; whereby it will fometimes happen that per- 

 fonal ellates are divided "per capita," and fometimes " per 

 ftirpes ;" whereas the common law knows no other rule of 

 fucceffion but tiiat " per ilirpes" onlv. Bl. Com. b. ii. 



INTESTINA, in the Linnaan S\jhm, an order or di- 

 vifion of worms (fee Vermes) ; the charafters of wliich 

 are, that they are fimple naked animals without limbs : 

 fome are pierced with a lateral hole or a kind of pore ; and 

 others are imperforated and have no lateral pore. The fub- 

 ordinate genera of this divifion of worms are the a/carts, 

 irlchocephalus, uncinana, tilaria, fcolex, hgula, UnguatalajJIron- 

 ^lui, echinorhynchus, baruca, cacuUanus, caryophylUus, fafc'iola, 

 myxine, tania, furia, gordius, h'lrudo, lutnlricus, fipunculus, and 

 pLinaria. 



INTESTINE Motion. See Motion. 



Intesti-e W^ar. See War. 



LsTESTiSKS, in Anatomy, are portions of the membranous 

 tube, in which the converfion of the food into chyle, and the 

 c.xpiilfion of its reCdue in the form of feces is effefted. 

 They are two in number, and are diftinguifhed by epithets 

 derived from their relative fize ; theyma/Zinteftine (/«,'. tcnu:) 

 fucceeds the ftomach, and is immediately followed by the 

 lar^e (int. crajfum). The ufe of the word in the plural, 

 with either of thefe epithets, is incorrect ; fince each of 

 thefc diviiions of the alimentary canal is a fingle tube. 



The changes which the food undergoes in the ftomach and 

 intcllines, and the funfticns of thefe organs, have been fully 

 difcull'ed under the article Digestion : at prefent our ob- 

 jeft is merely anatomical, and confiits in prefenting to the 

 reader the details concerning the formS; fituation, connec- 

 tions, and ftnifture of the intettines. 



The fmali inteiline is that part of the alimentary canal 

 which extends from the pylorus to the valve of the colon. 

 It is the longell divifion of the canal, and is fuppofed to be 

 three or four times the length of the body. It is naturally 

 <l!vidcd iiito two parts : the fiift of thele, placed between 



1 N T 



the two layers of the tranfverfe mefocolon, has a fixed f-tua- 

 tion in the abdominal cavity, and is called duodenum : the 

 other floats loofely in the abdomen, and is diUing'.ilhed by 

 an ambiguous and arbitrary divifion into jejunum and ileum. 

 It is generally, but not always, fm.aller in fize than the large 

 inteftine ; yet, when it is diilended with air or other con- 

 tents, it exceeds the empty large intefi;ine in diameter. The 

 cells and folds of the latter give to its coats in the collapfed 

 ftate a feel of greater thickneis, although they are not ac- 

 tually thicker than fome parts of the Imall intellines. A fu- 

 perficial view would lead us to defcribe it as a cylindrical 

 tube ; but m.ore accurate e.xamination and aclual meafure- 

 ment will (liew that it is conical, largeft at its commencement, 

 fmalleft at its termination, and diminiihing very gradually 

 between thefe points. When diftended, the outline of its 

 fefiion is circular : in the empty ftate its fides fall together, 

 fo that it reprefents an oblong oval. 



The ftructure of the tube is the fame, in all eftential points, 

 throughout its whole extent ; and the diftindions of anato- 

 mifts regard only points of fituation and conneclion. The 

 excretory tubes of the liver and pancreas open into the canal, 

 near its beginning. 



The duodenum is that part of the inteftine included between 

 the pylorus and the point at which the canal efcapes from the 

 tranfverfe mefocolon. It is placed in the neighbourhood of 

 the vertebral column, between the two layers of the mefo. 

 colon, which are connecled to it by a loofe cellular fubftance. 

 The large end of the pancreas is very clofely attached to if. 

 From the pylorus it turns backwards, and to the richt, un- 

 der the neck of the gall-bladder, which touches it : hence it 

 frequently has a yellow tint in the dead fubjeft. This, 

 which may be called the firft portion of the duodenum, 

 forms a dilHnft angle with the fecond, which defcends 

 alinoft perpendicularly behind the upper layer of the mefo- 

 colon conneiled to it by a loofe cellular medium. Its pofte- 

 rior furface correfponds to the right fide of the vertebral 

 column, anJ to the front of the right kidney : its inner 

 edge to the pancreas. The third part makes a turn at tlie 

 lower end of the kidney, or about the third lumbar vertebra, 

 paffes from right to left acrofs the vertebral column, in front 

 of the aorta and vena cava, behind the fuperior mefenteric 

 vefTels, and below the pancreas. At the left fide of the ab- 

 domen it again turns forwards and towards the right, 

 efcapes from behind the inferior layer of the mefocolon, and 

 takes the name of jejunum. Thus this divifion of the in- 

 teftinal canal forms a kind of half circle, of which the con- 

 vexity is towards the riaht, and the concavity to the left : 

 the pancreas is included within it. 



The anterior finface of the intefline on'y is covered by 

 peritoneum ; thepofterior afpe£l being attached to the neigh- 

 bouring organs by cellslar fubftance. In the part near 'Jie 

 pylorus, the covering membrane adheres clofely to the muf- 

 cidar part of the inteftine, as it does in the jejunum or ileum' : 

 but in the reft of its courfc, the adhefion is much more loofe, 

 and in the third portion the mefenteric vefi'els are interpofed 

 between the membrane and the inteiline. A fold of menn- 

 brane produced from the neighbourhood of the right kidney, 

 and from the tranfverfe fifi^ure of the liver, is fom.etimes de- 

 fcribed as the ligamcntum duodeni renale or hepaticum : the 

 reft of the canal is included within the fpace lett between the 

 layers of- the mefcco'on. 



Its length is about that of twelve fingers' breadtlis. 

 The united pancreatic and biliarv dufts have their opening 

 on the pofterior furface, at ihi- angle formed between the 

 iirft and fecond portions of the duodenum. 



The peculiarities of the duodiniim are its incomplete pe- 

 ritoneal covering ; its circuinftribcd and fixed lituutii u ; 



