I N T 



moving tie ©rgans wliich it fupports in various direAions. 

 This plane is oppofed in iituation and aftion to that of the 

 diaphragm : thus two Urata, concave in oppofite direftions, 

 and capable of contrafting or enlarging, at the will of the 

 animal, the perpendicular diameter of the abdomen, arc 

 placed at the ojipofite ends of this diameter. The moft 

 fignal contraction is obferved in the violent efforts employed 

 for expelling the feces, urine, &c. : and the muil marked 

 enlargement in ilrong cxfpirations, as in cougliing, fneezing, 

 &c. But thefe efFefts are produced mucli more by the 

 depreflion of the diaphragm contracting the abdomen from 

 above downwards, than by the elevation of the other niuf- 

 cles. The latter fiipport the parts, and enable them to 

 refill the efforts of tlie former : the impulfe may be felt 

 very plainly by placing the hand on the perineum during 

 a!iy Ilrong exertion of the abdominal parietes. The power 

 of refillaiice is much lefs in thefe parts than in the fides of 

 the abdomen, becaufe the bony fides of the pelvis, and the 

 contained vlfcera, fupport great part of the effort. 



The aclion of the fphinder ani has the effecl of con- 

 trading the opening of the reftum : it is conilantly ex- 

 erted for the purpole of maintaining the aperture perma- 

 nently clofcd. Other openings furninied with fphinflers, 

 fuch as thofc of the mouth and eyelids, are often open for 

 a confidcrable time, becaufe there are various mufcles which 

 antagonife the fphinfters ; no fiich mufcles exill about the 

 anus. The only antagonift power is in the longitudinal 

 fibres of the reftum, and in the coiitradlion of the abdo- 

 minal parietes ; and thefe are only exerted when the ffces 

 are evacuated. An obvious advantage arifes from the per- 

 manent conllriclion of the reclum, in preventing the efcape 

 of its contents : they are retained in the large intelline until 

 their quantity produces irritation. When the fphincter is 

 paralyfed, they efcape involuntarily as they arrive in tlie 

 reftum. This permanent aftion of the fphiniler refembles 

 that of parts belonging to the organic life, as it is com- 

 pletely independent of the will : yet we have the power, by 

 means of volition, of conftringing the opening more com- 

 pletely. The feces are evacuated in oppoii:ion to the re- 

 finance of the fphinfter, whish is overcome by an exertion 

 of the abdominal parietes. The harder they are, the greater 

 dilatation is required, and the greater diflicuity is confe- 

 quently experienced ; and -vies verfa. When they are very 

 fiuid, they may efcape in a flight degree by the longitudinal 

 plaits into which their coatraftion collefts the fkni of the 

 anus. 



The aAion of the longitudinal fibres of the reftum, and 

 the preiTure of the abdominal vifcera, urged downwards by 

 the refpiralory mufcles, occafion the inteftine to defcend 

 (lightly when the feces are voided. The levatores ani, coccy- 

 gei, and tranfverfi pcrinei, fupport the parts under this 

 eifort, limit the defcent, and then reitore them to their 

 former .fituation. The levatores probaoly may be con- 

 cerned in the funftions of the generative organs by co:n- 

 prcfling the veficulx feminales and proitalc ; and the tranf- 

 verfi, by fixing the pofierior end of the accelerator, may 

 concur with that mufcle in the expulfion of the femen. 



The large intelline of the foetus is rounder and fmaller 

 than in the adult, hardly marked by any cells in young 

 embryos, and njot exceeding the fmall in diameter. The 

 C2cum is gradually diminilhed isto the appendix verrai- 

 formis, which is confiderably larger than in the adult, and 

 difpofed by its mefentcry into a fpecial arrangement. It 

 is much more confidcrable in fize compared to the cecum. 

 This is the appearance of the part at birth, when it ufually 

 contains fecal matter. Soon after, the dilUnftion between 

 the cscum and appendix is more Ilrongly maikeJ : the 



I N T 



latter, inftead of coming from the middle of the former, 

 is produced from its left fide ; and as it is not injreafed 

 while the crecum is growing in fixe, the proportions of the 

 adult are gradually ellablifhed. 



After what we have obferved concerning the aftion of 

 the fmall intelline, the reader will immediately perceive how 

 the mufcular fibres of the large mull aft. 



Intestines, Infammalion of. See Enteriti.s. 



Ikteatines, Piotrufwns of See Heiikia. 



Intestines, IFounds of. See Wounds. 



Intestines of Birds. See Anatomy of Birds. 



Intestines of Fifl!. See Fisii. 



INTIRE Tenancy. See Tenancy. 



INTONARE, to touch in the cathedral fcrvice a fingle 

 key on the organ, to pitch for the priell, tl;c choir, and the 

 congregation, the rcfponfcs. 



INTONATION, in canto ferino, implies an ecclefiallical 

 tone or mode. 



INTONAZIONE, ltd. intonation, a found or tone. 

 A vocal perfor.mer who lings in tune, is faid to have a good 

 intonation, the firll of all vocal virtues. Sinking out of 

 tune, falfc intonations, the ludians call intonation} perfdi. 



INTOUR, in Geography, a town of Hindoollan, in the 

 circar of Cuddapa ; <;j mih-s N W. of Gandicotta. 



INTOXICATION. See Drunkenness. 



INTRADA, Intkata, or Entrata, Ital. an entry, 

 introduftion, preJude. In the 17th century, an overture in 

 France was termed entree. 



INTRANSITIVE Verbs, in Grammar, fuch whofe 

 aftion does not [tranfire) pals on an objeft, or fubjeft. See 

 Verb Neuter. 



INTRENCHMENT, in the Art of ll'ar, all forts of 

 works made to fortify a poll agninlt an enemy. See Ru- 



TRE.VCHMENT. 



They ufually confiil only of a bank of earth and a 

 ditch, and are of two foits ; fuch as the trenches carrie4 

 on in a fiegv, vrliere the bank is between the ditch and thp 

 enemy or town ; and where the earth is thrown up againft 

 the town ; and fuch as ferve to inclofe a town or camp, 

 fccure a pafs, cover the entrance into a country or other 

 places, &c. In thefe the ditch is between the bank zik\ 

 the enemy. The firfl fort are ufually cdled trencies or 

 approaches ; and the fecond are generally called lines. 



It was a maxim amongll the Romans, that even in their 

 moil hafty marches they intrenched everv night. 



INTRESSIN, in Geo^^raphy, a town of the duchy pf 

 Warlaw ; 40 miles S. of Polcn. 



INTRIGUE, or lNTREA<iUE, an afTcmblage of events, 

 or circumilances occurring in an afiair, and perplexing the 

 perfons concerned in it. 



The word is Frencli, Intrigue, 



ed fr< 



the Latin 



wiiicii, according to Nonius, comes from trJca, 

 entang/ements ; and that from the Greek t,-i'> sir, hairs; quod 

 pullos gallinaceos involveint et impediant ctipilli. Which con- 

 jefture is adopted by TripauJ, who will have the word 

 intrigue to be primarily and properly underllood of chickens, 

 which have the feet entangled in hair ; and to be derived frotn 

 the Greek c, and SfiJ, hair. 



iNTHicJur. is more particularly ufed to fignify the plot of 

 a play, or romance ; or that point wherein tlie jjrincipal cha- 

 rafters are the moll embarralled, through the artifice and 

 oppoCtion of certain perlons, or the unfortunate, falling out 

 of certain accideuts and circumftances. 



In a tragedy, comedy, or epic poem, there are always twa 

 deligns ; the firll and principal is that of the hero of the 

 piece ; the fecond contains the defigns of all thofe who 

 oppofe liim. Thefe oppolite caufcs produce oppofite cifeftr., 



Q <l i V. 



