I N V 



pofTeflion. A tenant is inverted by giving him a verge, or 

 rod, into his hands, and adminiftering an oath. 



Others define it thus : inve/lire ejl in fuum jus aliquem iii- 

 trotlucere, to give livery of feifin, or pofTeflion. See LlVEUY 

 and Seisin-. See alfo Feoffment. 



INVESTITURE, is ufed both for the right, and the 

 aft, of inverting a tenant, or vartal ; that is, of receiving 

 the faith and liomage by wliich a vartal becomes feifed, 

 and pofTerted of a fee, by his lord. See Fee. 



Invejl'itures, in their original rife, were probably in- 

 tended to demonrtrate in conquered countries the aftual pof- 

 fefiion of the lord ; and that he did not grant a bare liti- 

 gious right, which the foldier was ill qualified to profecute, 

 but a peaceable and firm pofTeflion. And at a time, when 

 writing was fildom praftifed, a mere oral gift, at a dif- 

 tance from the fpot that was given, was not likely to be 

 either long cr accurately retained in the memory of by- 

 ftandcrs, who were very little interefted in the grant. Af- 

 terwards they were retained as a public and notorious aft, 

 that the country m.ight take notice of and teftify the tranf- 

 fer of tlie eftate, and that fuch as claimed title by other 

 means, might know againft whom to bring their aftions. 



Inveftiture was anciently performed by rehearling a for- 

 mula of words ; afterwards by the delivery of fuch things 

 as had the neareft refemblance to what was transferred. Thus, 

 land parted by the delivery of a turf : and to fliew the trees 

 were transfen-ed at the fame time, a bough was cut and de- 

 livered along with it. 



In after-times, the things by which inveftitures were made 

 ■were not fo ftriftly obferved. Many were inverted by the 

 delivery of a ftaff^, a glove, a knife, a piece of a cloak, of 

 a itrap, and a girdle : or by pricking the thumb, by giving 

 the keys, a fpit, a blow, a ring, a turf, a bough, a ftraw, 

 &c. The inveftiture of a kingdom or lordflilp, was per- 

 formed by a ftandard, a banner, a cap, a fword, a bow, 

 arrows, fpurs, &c. 



The fymbols were fometimes prefervcd in the repofitories 

 of the houfes, and were annexed to the titles. 



Investiture.s were alfo ufed with refpeft to fpiritual be- 

 nefices. Thefe were frequently performed by delivering the 

 crofier and paftoral ring. 



The kings of England and France, the emperor of 

 Germany, &c. had formerly this right ; fo that on the death 

 of a prelate, his clergy fent the crofier, &c. to their fove- 

 reign, to be ufed at the ceremony of inverting his fnccertbr. 

 It is not certain when this cuilom began ; Cardinal Hum- 

 bert places the commencement of it in the reign of Otho 

 the Great : and it appears, that in the ninth century, the 

 greater part of the European princes made no oppofition to 

 the right of elefting the bifhops, which was both claimed 

 and exercifed by the clergy and the people. The firft who 

 difputed this privilege with the emperors and fovereign 

 princes, was Gregory VII.; he excommunicated the empe- 

 ror Henry IV. and forbade all ecclefiartics, under pain of 

 excommunication, to receive inveftiture at the hands of fecu- 

 lar princes. This occafioned a long and bloody war ; 'the 

 civil and ecclefiartical powers being divided into tv.o great 

 faftions, of 'which one maintained the rights of the emperor, 

 while the other feconded the ambitions views of the pontiff. 

 The laws of Gregory for the abolition of inveftitures were 

 confirmed and renewed by Viftor III. and Urban TI. the 

 laft of whom not only confirmed the laws and anathemas of 

 Gregory, in a council aflemblcd at Placentia in the year 

 J 095; but publirtied alfo a prohibitory law in the council 

 of Clermont, forbidding the biflwps and the refi; of the 

 clergy to take the oath of allegiance to their refpeftive fove- 

 reijjiis. Pafcal II. in a councU afiembled at Rome, A.D. 



I N U 



1 102, renewed the decrees of his predeceflbrs againft ihredj- 

 tures and the excommunications they had thundered out 

 againft Henry IV. Pafcal, however, was obliged, in I n l, 

 to confirm Henry V. in the right of giving inveftitures ; but 

 repenting what he had done, he artembled a council in the 

 church at Lateran, in 11 12, which folemnly annulled l.is 

 treaty with the emperor, who was excommunicated in many 

 fynods and councils, both in France and Germany. At length, 

 however, Calixtus II. engaged him to renounce inveftiture on 

 certain conditions, and peace was concluded between the 

 emperor and the pope's legates, at a general diet held at 

 Worms, A.D. 1122. Tliis convention was confirmed tiit 

 following year in the general council of Lateran, and re- 

 mains ftill in force. 



INVISCATIO, a fticking of the eye-lids together. 

 INULA, in Botany, fo named by Pliny. This appella- 

 tion is contrafted or corrupted, fays proftflbr Martyn, from 

 Helemum, Dift. '.\inot ; fabled to have fprung from tiie tears 

 of Helen. Linn. Gen. 426. Schreb. 5^7. WiUd. Sb. PI. 

 V. 3. 2089. Mart. Mill. Dift. v. 2. Sm. Fl. Brir." S90. 

 Ait. Hort. Kew. V. 3. 222. Jufl". 181. Lamarck Dift. 

 V. 3. 2J3. Illuftr. t. 680. Ga:rtn. t. 170. (Enula ; Cfffalp. 

 and Magnol. — Helenitnn ; Gerard, em. 793. Vaill. Mem. 

 Acad. Paris. 1720.) Clafs and or&er, Syngen-fia Poiygemia 

 Siiperfua. Nat. Ord. Compo/ila D'lfcoidex, Linn. Corymbi- 

 fcr£, Jufl". 



Gen. Ch. Cnmmon talyx imbricated ; fcales loofe, fpread- 

 ing, the exterior ones larger, of equal length. Cor. com- 

 pound, radiated, broad ; fords of the dilk all perfeft, equal, 

 very numerous, funnel-ihaped, with a five cleft ftraiglitifti 

 limb : thofe of the radius female, ligulate, r.umerous, crowded 

 together, linear, entire. Slam, (in the tubular florets) Fila- 

 ments five, thread-rtiaped, ftiort ; anthers oyiindrical, com- 

 pofed of five fmaller, hnear, conjoined ones ; each ending 

 below in two ftraight briftles, the length of the filaments. 

 P'ljl. (in the tubular florets) Germen long; ftyle_ thread- 

 fliaped, the length of the ftamens ; ftigma bifid, fomewhat 

 ereft. The female or ligulate florets difl'er in having the 

 ftyle cloven but half way down, and the fiigma quite ereft. 

 Perk, none, except the Hnchangcd calyx. Seeds in the 

 florets of the difl< as well as the radius, folirary, linear, 

 quadrangular. Down capillary, the length of the feeds. 

 Recept- Rlmoft naked, flat. 



Efl". Ch. Receptacle nearly naked. Down fimple. Calyx 

 imbricated. Florets of the radius very numerous, linear, 

 anthers with two briftles at the bafe. 



Obf This genus differs not only from /IJ!er, but from 

 mort others, in having the anthers terminated below by ten 

 briftles, tiiough this charafter is r;Ot apparent in all the fpe- 

 cies. Inula is an extenfive genus, Willdcnow having enume- 

 rated thirty -five fpccies, from which number we feleft for dc- 

 fcription the only four which are natives of tliis country : 

 thefe arc, 



I. I. Hehnium, Elecampane. Linn. Sp. PI. 1236. Engl- 

 Bot. t. 1546. Woodv. Med, Bot. v. 2. t. io8.-t- 

 " Leaves claiping the ftem, ovate, rugged, downy beneath. 

 Scales of the calyx ovate.'' — Found in moift rich paftures. 

 and meadows in various parts of Britain, but not common, 

 flowering in July and Auguft. Stems about four feet high, 

 leafy, downy, branched in the upper part. Leatics ovate, 

 Uiglitly ferrated, veiny, downy beneath. Floiven large, 

 termiilal, of a fuie golden yellow. 



The ancients entertained a very high opinion of the virtues 

 of this plant, and " in gardens it is fiill cultivated occa- 

 fionally, for the fake of its root, which is perennial, large 

 aud ficrtiy, abounding with mucilage, combined with an aro- 



