J O II 



fulaordinate ttations, he was, in the year 1 76c, made mailer 

 and commander ; and in two years after, he was raifed to 

 the rank of pod c-.ptain. At the peace, he was appointed 

 governor of Welt Florida ; and on liis return to England, 

 he took an aftive part in the affairs of the Eall India com- 

 pany, particularly in oppcfition to Ir.rd Clivc. In 1771 he 

 wrote a work, entitled, " Thonghts on our Acquifitions in 

 the Eaft Indies, particularly refpeding Bengal. ' He fat 

 twice in parliament, firft for Cockermouth, and afterwards 

 for Appleby. He had a duel with lord George Germaine, 

 on account of fome refie-ftions which fell from him in the 

 houfe refpecling his lordlhip. He was one of the commif- 

 fioners fent to treat with the Americans. He died in 

 17S7. 



Johnstone's Straits, in Geography, a channel of the 

 Pacific ocean, between the ifland of Quadre and Va'icouvcr, 

 and the well coail of North America. This channel 

 branches off from the northern part of the gulf of Georgia, 

 from point Chatham to the we!'-, bearinj; a little north for 

 about 60 miles in length, the breadth being from two to 

 four. N. lat. 50 20 1050 35'. E. long. 233 to 23+ 46'. 



JOHNSTOWN, apoil-town of America, and capital 

 of Montgomery tounty, in the ftate of New York, fituated 

 en the north bank of Mohawk river, 24 miles weft of 

 SchLiiaftady. '* he town contains about 70 houfes, a Pref- 

 bytcrian and an Epifcopal church, a court -lioufe, and a gaol. 

 In the townfliip are 3932 inhabitans. — Alfo, a town in the 

 townfiiip of Edwardlhurgh, Upper Canada, fituated upon 

 the river St. Lawrence, above the uppermoft rapids, in 

 afeending to lake Ontario. From this town velTels may be 

 navigated with iafety to Q'.ieenSown, and at the ports of 

 lake Ontario. 



Johnstown, New, a town in the townd.ip of Cornwall, 

 Upper Canada, fituated upon the river St Lawrence, below 

 the long Saalt, to the northward of Grand Ifle St. Regis ; 

 and is now called Cornwall 



Johnstown-, the na.iie of feveral villages in Ireland. 

 One of thefe, in the county of Kilkenny, has been late'y 

 made a poll-town. It contains a number of neat houfes, 

 built for the accommodation of thofe who frequent the 

 neighbouring chalybeate Spa of Ballyfpellan It is on the 

 mail-coach road fronvDubiin to Coik, through Ca(hel, and 

 is 60 miles S W. from Dublin. Another Johnftovvn, in 

 the county of Kildare, is about 13 miles from Dublin, on 

 the Greiit Southern road ; and in confcqr.ence of a good 

 inn, is frequently made a ftage by thofe who travel poft.— 

 Two others, called St Johnitown, wt re formerly boroughs 

 reprefented in parliament : one of them in the county of 

 Donega , on the river Foyle, w.iich is here of confiderable 

 breadth, 87 miles N. by W. from Strabane, and io8, N. 

 by W. from Dublin ; the other in the county of Longfi-rd» 

 6 miles W. from Granard.- There is alfo a fmall town 

 called Johnrtown Bridge, in the coimty of Kildare, on the 

 borders of Meath, fituated on the river Bla kwater, 21 miles 

 from Dublin. 



JOHOR, a town of the peninfu'a of Malacca, near the 

 fouth cotill, and capital of a kingdom of the fame name. 

 K. lat. I 40. E. long. 103 54'. 



JOIGNY, a town or France, and principal place of a 

 diilrift, in the department of the Yonne, rear the river 

 Yonne. The place co tains 5219, and the cinton 13,137 

 inhabitants, on a territory of 3C7 kiliomttres, in 17 con.. 

 munes; 14 miles N.W. of Auxerre. N. lat. 47-' 59'. E. 



JOIN .GUR. See .Tyenaguk. 



JOINDER, or Joxndek, is the coupling, or joining, 



JOI 



two perfons in one aclion, or fuit, againtl another. See 

 Demukrf.r. 



JOINERY is S branch in Civil Ardhc^urc, and confitls 

 of the art of framing or joining wood together, for internal 

 and external linilhings of houfes ; as the coverings and linings 

 of rou 'h walls, or the coverings of rough timbers, and of 

 the cou'.lruclion of doors, windows, and Hairs. 



Hence j.)inery requires much more accurate and nice 

 workmanfliip than carpentry, which confills only of rough 

 timbers, ufed in fupporling the various parts of an edifice : 

 joinery is therefore ufed by way of decoration only, and 

 being always near to the eye, and confequently liable to in- 

 fpection. requires that the joints fiiould be fitted together 

 with the utmoft care, and the furfaces made fmooth. 



The wood ufed is called ftuff, and is previoufly formed 

 by the pit-faw into rectangular prifms, wh'ch are deno- 

 minated boards, battens, or planks, according to their 

 breadtli. Battens run from two to feven inches wide, 

 boards from feven to nine inches wide, and planks from 

 nine inches to any greater breadth that can be cut out of a 

 piece of wood. 



The operations of joinery confift of forming furfaces of 

 various kinds, alfo of grooving, rt-bating, and moulding, 

 and of mortifing and tenoning, and laftly, of joining two- 

 or feveral pieces together, fo as to form a frame or folid 

 mafs. 



Surfaces, in joinery, are either plane or curved, but moH 

 frequently plane. 



All kinds of furfaces are firft formed in the rough, and 

 finally brought to exact forms by means of tools adapted 

 thereto. 



Grooving confifls in taking away a part of a re£langular 

 fedtion from a piece of wood, fo as to form a channel of 

 equal breadth throughout, with three furfaces, one being- 

 parallel, and the other two perpendicular to the furface of 

 the wood from which the channel is receffed ;■ the channel 

 thus form.'d is called a groove.^ 



Rebating confills in taking away a part from a piece of 

 wood of a rcftangular fection, fo as to leave only two fides, 

 each of a parallel breadth, the one fide being perpendicular 

 to the furface of the wood, and the other parallel thereto :: 

 the cavity thus formed is called a rebate. From this de- 

 finition it is manifeil, that a rebate can only be formed by 

 redixing the piece of wood to be rebated at the angle it- 

 felf, and may therefore be looked upon as a half groove. 



A mortife is a cavity receffed within the furface of a piece 

 of wood, with four fides perpendicular to that furface, 

 and likewife to each other v the aft of making a mortife is 

 called mortifing- 



A tenon is a projeflion formed on the end of a piece 

 of wood with four plane fides, at right angles to each other, 

 and to a plane, from which it projects ; and this plane is 

 called the fhoulder of the tenon. 



In the following, all pieces of wood whatever are fup- 

 pofed to be reftangular prifms, and the lengtli in a direc- 

 tion of the fibres ; two of the fides of every mortife to be 

 perpendicular, and the other two fides parallel to the fibres ; 

 the four fides of every tenon in the direftion of the fibres,, 

 unkfs other.vife afferted : likewife, if two of the furfaces 

 of a piece of wood be of greater breadth than the other 

 two, thefe are called the edges and thofe the 'i\&e'>, and 

 each line of concourfe, formed by two adjacent fides, is 

 called an arris. 



Moulding confifts in forming the furface of a piece by 

 curve or plane furfaces, or by both, iu fuch a maiiper, that 



