JOINERY. 



aH parallel feflions •will be fimilar figures, that U, their boun- 

 daries may be made all to coincide. 



The firll thing to be done in joinery is to feleft the fluff 

 or boards, which ought to be well fcafoned for every pur- 

 pofc in joinery, and then line it out ; and if the Huff is 

 not already at the fize, as is mod frequently the cafe, it 

 mud be ripped out with the ripping faw, or crofs cut with 

 the hand faw, or both, as may be wanted. The next thing is 

 the planing of the fluff firil upon a fide, then the edge 

 fquared, and then gaged to a breadth and thicknefs; fhould 

 either or both be found neccffary. 



Two or more pieces of Ituff may be faftened together in 

 various ways by pins of wood or by nails, but in work 

 prepared by the joiner for the ufe of building, pieces are 

 more frequently joined together by making their furfaces 

 coincide, and then pladering them over with a hot tenaiious 

 liquid called glue, then rubbing tlie furfaces until the glue 

 has been almoll rubbed out, and the one piece brought to 

 its fituation with relpeft to the other. The bcft work is 

 always joined by this method. 



When boards are required of a greater breadth than com- 

 mon, feveral common boards mud be faftened together edge 

 to edge, either by nailing them to pieces extending acrofs 

 the breadth, or gluing them edge to edge, or by joining 

 pieces tranfverfely together with fmall boards, tongued and 

 grooved into the interllices. 



Two pieces of !f uff are joined together at right or oblique 

 angles by mortife and tenon adapted to each other, and 

 fallened together with glue. When a frame, confilling of 

 feveral pieces, is required, the mortifes and tenons are fitted 

 together, and the joints glued all at one time, then entered 

 to their places, and forced together by niea'..s of an in- 

 llrnment called a cramp. 



The operation of forming a given furface, by taking away 

 the fuperfluous wood, is called planing, and tWc tools them- 

 felves planes. 



The firfl tools ufed by joiners are bench planes, which ge- 

 nerally confift of ajackpiane, for taking away the rough of 

 the faw and the fuperfluous wood, only leaving fo much as is 

 fufRcient to fmooth the furface ; the trying plane to fiwooth 

 or reduce the ridges left by the jack plane, and to ftraighten 

 or regulate the furface, whether it be plane or convex ; the 

 long plae.e when the furface is required to be very flraight ; 



and the fmoolHi: 



in fmoothing, as its name implies. 



and giving the lall fiiiith to the work, 



Befides the bench planes there are others for forming any 

 kind of prifmatic furfaces whatever, as rebating planes, 

 grooving planes, and moulding planes : but for a more 

 particular defcription , of thefe and the bench planes, we 

 ih^U refer to the article Plane. 



The toolis eniplo)-ed in boring cylindric holes are a flock 

 with bits of various defcriptions and fizes, girablets and 

 brad awls of feveral diameters. 



The tools ufed in paring the wood obliquely, or acrofs the 

 fibres, and for cutting rectangular prifmatic cavities, are in 

 general denominated chiffels : thnfe for paring the wood 

 acrofs the fibres are called firmer!!, or paring chiffels, and 

 thofe for cutting rectangular prifmatic cavities, are called 

 mortife chiffels, the refimgular cavities themfclves being 

 called mortifes when made to receive a projeAion of the fame 

 form and fr/.e, and by this mea^is to fallen two pieces of 

 wood togctlier at any angle. The fides of all chiffels, in a 

 direilioii of iheir length, are flraight, and the fide of a chiffel 

 which contains the cutting edge at the end is fteel. The befl 

 paring chiffels are made entirely of cafl fleel. Chiffels for 

 paring concave furfaces are denominated gougts. 



Dividing wood, by cutting avray a very thin portion of 

 the material of equal thicknefs throughout, to any required 

 extent, by means of a thin plate of fteel with a toothed 

 edge, is called fawing, and the inftrumentj themfelves are 

 called faws, which are of feveral kinds, as the ripping faw, 

 for dividing boards into fcparate piecet in a direftion of the 

 fibres ; the hand faw, for crofs cutting and fawing thin 

 pieces in a direction of the grain ; the pannel faw, either for 

 crofs cutting or cutting wry thin boards longitudinally ; the 

 tenon faw, with a thick iron back, for making an incifion of 

 any depth below the furface of the wood, and for cutting 

 pieces entirely through, not exceeding the breadth of that part 

 of the plate without the iron back ; likewife a falh faw and 

 a dovetail faw, ufed much in the fame way as the tenon faw. 

 From the thinnefs of the plates of thefe three laft faws, 

 it is neceCary to ftiffen them by a ftrong piece of metal 

 caVed the back, wliich is grooved to receive the upper edge 

 of the plate that is fixed to the back, and which is there- 

 by fecured and prevented from buckling. When it is re- 

 quired to divide boa-ds into curved piece,", a very narrow faw 

 wihout a back, called a compafs faw, is ufed, and in cut- 

 ting a very fmall hob a faw of a fiirilar defcription, called 

 a key-hole faw, is employed. All thefe faws have tiieir 

 plates longer and thinner, and their teeth finer, as they fuc- 

 ceed eac^i other in the order here mentioned, excepting the 

 two lall, whxh h.'.ve thicker plates and coarfer teeth than 

 either the fafh or dovetail faw. The external and internal 

 angles of the teeth of all faws are generally formed at an 

 angle of 60 degrees, and the front edge teeth Hope back- 

 ward ill a fmall degree, but incline or recline from the flraight 

 line drawn from the interior ang'e perpendicular to the edge 

 in the pla.ne of the plate, as the faw may be employed in rip- 

 ping or in crofs cuttiTig,or cutting perpendicular to the tibres. 

 The teeth of all faws, except turning and key-hole faws, 

 are bent on contrary fides of the plate, each two teeth fuc- 

 ceeding each other, being alike bent on the d.fferent fides of 

 the plate ; w'a. the one as much to the one fide as the other 

 is to the other fide, and confequently all the teeth on the 

 fame fide alike bent throughout the length of the plate for 

 the purpofe of clearing the fides of the cut which it makes 

 in the wood. 



Of all cutting tools whatever, the faw is the mofl ufe- 

 ful to the joiner, as the timber or wood which he em- 

 ploys can be divided into flips or bars of any fize, with no 

 m.ore wafte of iluff than a flice, the breadth of which is 

 equal to the depth of the piece to be cut through, and the 

 thicknefs equal to the diHance of the teeth between their 

 extreme points on the alternate fides of the faw meafured 

 on a lioe perpendicular to the faid fides : whereas, without 

 the ufe of the faw, cylindrical trees could only be reduced 

 to the intended fize by means of the axe ; in the ufe of 

 which there would not only be an immenfe confumption 

 of fluff, but alfo much greater labour would be required to 

 ftraighten it. 



Joiners ufe a fmall axe, called a hatchet, for cutting off 

 the fuperfluous wood from the edge of a piece of a board, 

 when the walle is not of fuflicient confequeiice to be fawn. 



All the above are wliat are commonly denominated edge 

 tools, but there are others required to regulate the forms. 

 All angles whatever are formed by ather reverfed angles of 

 the fame number of degrees as an exterior angle by an 

 interior one, and the contrary. The inttruraent for trying 

 right angles is called a fquare, and thofe for trying oblique 

 angles are called bevels. The two fides which form the 

 edge of a fquare are always llationary, but thofe of beveli 

 are generally moveable one leg upon the other round a joint. 



In 



