JOINERY. 



placed, it is evident that the whole furface mud be plane. 

 If the furface it hollow between the faid lines, one of the 

 ends or both mud bo planed lower, until the furface acquires 

 1 fmall convexity in the length, and then,' if ftraightened be- 

 tween the Ilraight linei at the ends, it will be a perfeft 

 plane. 



Another mode of forming a plane of the furface is of a 

 quadrilateral form : apply a ruler along the diagonals, then 

 if they are (Iraight they are in a plane, but if they are both 

 hollow, or both round, the furface to be reduced is either 

 concave or convex, and mull be ftraightened in thefe di- 

 rettions accordingly ; and, laftly, if by trying acrofs the 

 diagonals with the ilraight edge it be found that the one 

 be hollow and the other round, the furface of the board 

 winds. In this caie bring down the protuberant part of 

 the convex diagonal, fo as to be ilraight with the two ex- 

 tremities ; then ftraighten the concave diagonal, by planing 

 either of the two ends or both of them, according as the 

 thicknefs of the board will require. Both diagonals being 

 now ftraight, traverfe the wood, that is, plane it acrofs the 

 fibres, until all the protuberant parts between the diagonals 

 are removed ; then the workman may proceed to fmooth it 

 by working it in the direction of the fibres. 



To join any number of planks togelhtr,fo as to form a board of 

 a dtlerminate breadth, the fbret of each running longitudinal to 

 thofe of any other. — Shoot the two edges that are to be joined ; 

 turn the fides of the boards towards each other, fo that the 

 edges that are Ihot may be both uppermoft ; fpread thefe 

 edges over with llrong glue of a proper confidence, made very 

 hot ; one of the boards being fixed, turn the other upon 

 it, fo that the two edges may coincide, and that the faces 

 may be both in the fame plane ; rub the upper one to and 

 fro in tlie direftion of the fibres till the glue is almod out 

 of the joint ; let thefe dry for a few hour» ; then proceed 

 to make another joint ; continue to join as many boards 

 or planks in the fame manner, till the whole intended 

 breadth be made out. If the boards or planks of which the 

 board is to be compofed are very long, the edges that 

 are to be united would require to be warmed before a fire ; 

 and, for rubbing and keeping the joints fair to each other, 

 three men would be found neceflary, one at each extremity, 

 and one at the middle. Boards, glued together with this 

 kind of cement, will ftand as long as the fubdance of the 

 deals or planks compofiiig tiicm, if not expofed to rain or 

 intenfe heat, provided that the wood has been well feafoned 

 beforehand, and that the grain be free and draight, uninter- 

 rupted with few or no knots. When a board which is to 

 be expofed to the weather is to be made of feveral boards 

 or plnnks, the cement to be ufed for uniting them /hould 

 not be of (liin gU;c, but of white lead ground up with lin- 

 fced-oil, fo thin that the colour may be fenfibly changed into 

 ■A whilidi caft : this kind of glue will require a much greater 

 time to dry than fkin glue. Boards to be expofed to the 

 weatlier, when tleir thickr.cfs will admit, are frequency 

 tongued togethei ; that is, the edges of both boards are 

 grooved to an equal diftance from the faces, and to an 

 equal depth; and a flip of wood is made to fit the cavity 

 made in both : this flip fhould be made to fill the grooves, 

 but ought not to be fo tight as to prevent the joint from 

 being rubbed \<ith proper cement. 



To glue any tt-vo boards together forming a gii'en angle 



This may either be accomplidicd by fhooting the edge of 

 the one board to the whole of the given angle, and the 

 face of the other ftraight ; then, by applying thefe two 

 furfaces together, and rubbing as before, they will form the 

 angle required ; or, if the two edges are /hot to half the 

 given angle, and the edges applied together and rubbed and 



fet as before, the faces of the boards will form the angle 

 required. In both thefe methods, when only one fide of the 

 board is to be expofed to fight, which is moil commonly 

 the cafe, pieces of w'ood called bUicks are fitted to the 

 angle, and the fides glued acrofs the joint or legs of the 

 angle, being previoufly planed for that purpofe. 



To form wooden architraves for apertures by gluing longi- 

 tudinal pieces together Architraves may be formed out of 



the folid pieces ; but as their formation in this way is at- 

 tended with a wade of both ftuff and time, the mod eligible 

 method is to glue the parts longitudinally together, as is 

 bed adapted to the nature of the mouldings. Architraves 

 of the Grecian form, for doors and windows, generally 

 conlld of one or two faces in parallel planes, the one of 

 which recedes only in a fmall degree from the other, while 

 the outer edge is terminated with one or feveral mouldings 

 which have a very prominent projeftion. In this cafe make 

 a board of fufficieiit thicknefs, and in breadth equal to the 

 breadth of the architrave : prepare a dip of wood of a fuf- 

 ficient thicknefs and breadth for the mouldings on the outei 

 termination of the architrave ; glue this flip upon the face 

 clofe to the edge of the board, with the outer edge flufb 

 therewith. In the operation two men will be at lead re- 

 quired to rub the flip to a joint with the board ; and as it 

 often happens that the fide of the flip, which is to comply 

 with the furface of the board, is confiderably bent, the flip • 

 is nailed down to the board ; but, previoufly, fmall Iquare 

 pieces of wood, called buttons, are bored with holes, one in 

 each, and a nail is put through the hole to the head ; then 

 the flip is alfo bored with a brad-awl ; and the nails, with 

 the pieces thus defcribed, are entered and driven home as J 

 far as the buttons will permit. The buttons may be about 

 three quarters of an inch thick, and the other two dimen- 

 fions each equal to, cr fomething more than, the breadth 

 of the flip. The flip is fometimes grooved ; and the edge 

 of the board is tongued, glued, and inferted in the groove, 

 indead of the above method. Sometimes, alfo, the two 

 faces are made of diflFerent boards tongued together at 

 their joining ; then the whole is afterwards duck into 

 mouldings. 



To form the furface of a cyFinder -with wood, luhofe f.bres 

 are in planes perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder, fuch as 

 may be ufed in circular dado, or the /offits if windoivs. 



Method 1. — When the dimenilon of^ the cylindric fur- 

 face, parallel to the axis, is not broader than a plank or 

 board: this may be done by bending and gluing feveral 

 veneers together ; and the firil upon a mouM or brackets, 

 the edges of which are in the furface of the propofed cy- 

 linder parallel to its axis. 



This may be accomplidied by means of two fets of 

 brackets fixed upon a board with hollow cylindric fpace 

 between them, of fufficlent thicknefs for taking in the 

 veneers, and double wedges for confining them. If this 

 operation is carefully done, and the glue properly dried, 

 the wedges may be flackcned, and the ryJindric part fo 

 glued up will be found to dand very well ; but it mud be 

 obferved, that, as the wood has a natural tendency to unbend 

 itfelf, the curve furface, upon which it is glued, fliould be 

 fomewhat quicker than that intended to be made. 



Some workmen take another method by forming a hol- 

 low cradle, and bending the vene^rj :ntc ir, and confining 

 their ends with wedges, which comprefs them together; 

 and by a very fmall degree of rubbing, with a hammer 

 made for this purpofe, the glue will be forced out of the 

 joint. 



Another method is to form a cradle or templet to the 

 intended fgrlace, and lay a veneer upon it ; then glue blocks 



