JOINERY. 



ails of the cylinder. The jimAion will either be above or 

 below, according as 0\e cornice is applied to the convex or 

 concave Tides of the cylinder. This meeting is the centre of 

 two concentric circles, whofe rsdii are the diftaiices between 

 the neareil and farthell extremes of the feftion of the cor- 

 nice. T!iis is evidently an application of the method of 

 finding the covering of a cone. When mouldings are got 

 out in this manner, ws. by a piece wliich does not occupy 

 the fpace, when fct to tiie phce reprefented by the height 

 and breadth, they are faid to be fjiriing. 



When a cornice is to have much projeftion, the corona 

 or middle part is got out of a folid piece, and the parts 

 above and below, or one of them, as may be found necef- 

 fary, only fet to the fpring, and fupported by brackets. 



7 9 defcrlbe tht various kinds of jaimngs in the praaice of 

 yinery. — Fi^. I. /"/rt.vXXII. is a fcclion (hewing the moll 

 llmple method of joining boards, or any kind of framed work 

 together at the angles ; this kind of joining is much ufed 

 in coarfc work ; it is called lap-joining. 



Fig. 1. the method of joining troughs together. 



Fig. 3. the method of joining dado together at an internal 

 angle. 



Fig. 4. the manner of fixing two pieces of framing toge- 

 ther at the angle of their meeting with a returned bead, in 

 order that the joint ihould be concealed. This is only ufed in 

 common finiftjings ; in good finiihings a bead of ^ths qI an 

 inch broad is genera!!)' ruu tlafc to the joint, and tlic angle is 

 left entire. 



Fig. 5. fliews the common method of mitring. This form 

 is always ufed in mouldings at an external angle, and fome- 

 times alfo in internal angles : but for internal angles, fcribing 

 is to be preferred, when it can be applied, wliich may always 

 be the cafe, when there are no quirked mouldings ; that is, 

 when mouldings are fuch that a perpendicular line to the 

 plane of the wall may fall upon any part of them without 

 "oing through the folid of the moulding. 



Fig. 6. is another meu.G^ Cf r^''"ug. This may be ufed 

 ill all platie furfaces, at an external angle, hut is 110?"*^'"^^. 

 ble to mouldings. This manner of mitring is much more 

 preferable in point of llrength to that of Jig. j, in cafes 

 where the two can be applied. 



Dove-tailing is another mode of joining two plane furfaces 

 together at an angle, by cutting pins of a prifmatic form 

 and trapezoidal fection on the end of one piece, and notching 

 the eni of the other in the fame manner, fo that the exterior 

 parts of the one is adapted to the indentations of the other, 

 without leaving any cavity when the two fides are brought 

 home to their places. This is the ilrongell method of join- 

 ing plane boards ; it ihould always be ufed in work which 

 may be required to be moved from place to place. There 

 are three forts of dove-tailing. One kind, called common 

 dove-taihng, {hews the ends of trie joints : another kind, called 

 lap-dove-taihng, conceals the joints of the dove-tails, but 

 ftiews a ibraight joint, not at the angle, but at a fmall dillance 

 parallel to it.. The third fort is called mitre dove-tailing, 

 which (hews no joint but in the angle. This method is very 

 neat, it is ftronger than the ftraight joint fliewn by the fec- 

 tiun Jig. 6, and where both ilrength and beauty is required 

 it mud be preferred to any other. Fig. 7, N^ I, is a feCtion 

 cf common dcve-tiiiling ; N" i, the fide of one of the pieces 

 fliewing tiie pins ; N 3, (hews the ends of the pins ; N 4. 

 the fide of the other piece, (hewing the indentations for re- 

 ceiving the phis. 



Fig^. N' I, 2, 3, 4, and 5, different parts of mitre 

 dove- tailing. 



'jTojoin two pieces of -woe J together, thejiirts of the me run- 



ning tninfverfely to the Jilres of the other by morlife and tenotf 

 or dove-tailing. — One method is by cu'.ting a morlife to a 

 very fmall depth in the one piece, and a tenon of the fame 

 length in the other, and by bolting them together with one 

 or two bolts : where the breadth of the piece hiving the 

 tenon is confiderable, the nuts are to be let in from iluit fide 

 of the tenoned piece which is not expofcd to fight ; the heads 

 of the bolts upon the mortifed piece may be funk i.ito the 

 wood entirely below the furface, and the cavity may be filled 

 up with a piece of the fame kind of wood, neatly fitted in. 



Dejinitiont. — I. A frame, in joinery, is the connection of 

 feveral pieces of timber of an equal thicknefs, 'pin-id tranf- 

 Terfely to cacli other, made faft by means of mortifes and 

 tenons, leaving reftangular fpaces between for other pieces of 

 timber, called pannels, each of which is inferted into each 

 edge of the former by means of a groove. 



i. Thofe parts of the frame which terminate the two ver- 

 tical extremes are culled tlyles. 



3. The horizontal parts, which are mortifed into the 

 ftyles, are called rails. 



4. If there bj any intermediate pieces mortifed into the 

 rails, parallel to the if yLs, fuch pieces are called muntons. 



In framed-work, rails have feversl epithets, according to 

 their fituations ; that bordering the framing at the lower ex- 

 tremity is called the bottom rail, tliat bordering the framing, 

 ai ilic other extremity, is called the top mil. The names of 

 intermediate raits vary according to their number and fitua- 

 tion. In doors, that in which the lock is inferted is called 

 the middle, or lock rail ; the intermediate rail next to the 

 top rail, is called the frieze rail. 



Doors. — A door, in joinery, is a framed piece of timber- 

 work, or boai-ds nailed together, for the purpofe of (hutting 

 up at pleafure any aperture in a wall or partition, in order to 

 give or prevent pafTage from one apartment to another. 



i^/((/f XXIII. ^^. I, is a four equal-pannelled door : the 

 form is only ufed in very common work, and is frequently 

 without mouldings. 



Fig. 2 is a nine-pannelled door, with fquare pannels at the 

 l^"- Tliis form is frequently ufed in ftreet-doors, of wliiib 

 tiic back IS r*^ten lined with boards, in the manner of^. 3, 

 flulh with the ilyles ^."^d top rail ; the other rails and niun- 

 toiis muft therefore be recef^d "po" ""e fide to receive the 

 boarding. 



Fig 4. is a fix cqual-pannelled pair ot'ft>lding-doors, hav- 

 ing two pannels in the breadth. 



Fig. 5. is a double margin, or a pair of folding-doors,- 

 with four pannels in height, a id two in breadth, haviig 

 lying pannels below the top-rail, and above the lock-rail. 



/"(;,'. 6. is a ten-panncUed pair of folding-doors, five in 

 heiglit, and two in breadth, having lying pannels at the top, 

 bottom, and in the middle, with long pannels between them. 

 Of tliis form is the ancient duor of the Pantheon at Rome. 



/7^ 7. a fa(h-door : this form., if not (hut witii ar.other 

 feparate door, (hould have fliifting-lhutters, to cover the 

 glafs parts, fixed with bolts and nuts. For this purpo-l', it 

 Ihould at leall be one inch and a quarter thicker than a pan- 

 nelled door in the fame place ■ this gives room for the outfide 

 of tlie Ihutter to be flulh with the Itjles of the door ; but if 

 otherwife, an ugly frame muil be patched round the glazed 

 parts, in order to contain the (hulter. 



door, of which fo: 



the windo 



and door of the temple of Ve(la at Rome, and alfo tliofe of 

 the temple of Eretheus at Athens. 



Figs. 9 and t o. are doors of communication, or fuch at, 

 when open, will not encumber the floor, as other kinds of 

 receffed doors, by jetting into the room, but may either be 



concealed 



