I O N 



pain of two months imprifonment, sndliving on bread and 

 water. 



Though the word minfrcl. in Enghth.is confined toftroU- 

 ing muficians, players on inftruments ; yet the term jongleur, 

 in old French, included buffoons, fortune-tellers, flight of 

 hand, tumblers, &c. befides violart, or performers on the 

 yjolle or viol j ju^l/irs, or flute players ; mufars, or players 

 on other inftruments ; canitques, or comedians. 



All thefe, at laft, afTumed the name of jongleurs, as the 

 moft anqjent, and the women who followed this profcflion 

 were denominated jongleurciTes. They fettled at Paris in 

 «ne particulair llreet, which thence was called " la rue des 

 iongleurs,'" and which is IHU called the llreet of " St. Ju- 

 lien dcs Mer.c-riers." In that ilrect people ufed to apply 

 for performers on feftiv.ils, and for parties of pleafure. 



By an ordonnance of William of Clermont, provoft of 

 Paris, 14th Sept. 1395, the jongleurs were forbidden to 

 Utter, reprefent, or iing in public places, or elfewhere, any 

 thing that would occalion fcandal, on pain of fine and two 

 months jniprifonmciit. Since that time we hear no more 

 of them, except their dancing and performing tricks with 

 fwords and otb.er weapor,';. Thcfe were called *a.'a/or«, in 

 Er. balileurs, merry ^andrews ; and, at length, tumblers and 

 rope-dancers SceMlNSTKEL. 



IONIA, in Ancient Geo^rnphy,SQ called from the Jonians, 

 who inhabited this part cf Alia Minor, was bounded on the 

 N. by jEolia ; on the W. by the JEgean and Icarian feas ; 

 on the S. by Caria ; and on the E. by Lydia and part of 

 Caria. It lies between the 37 th and 40th degrees of north 

 latitude, but its extent in longitude, which has not been ac- 

 curately determined, was inconfiderable. The moft remark- 

 able cities of Ionia were Phocaia, Smyrna, Clazomense, 

 Erythra;, Teos, Lebadus, Colophon, Ephefns, Priene, and 

 Miletus. The iflands of Chios and Samos were likewife in- 

 habited by the lonians, ^nd belonged to their confederacy. 

 S.:c the next article. 



JONIANS, conftitiiteaclafsof people among thofe who 

 were the mofl celebrated of the Greeks. They derived 

 their origin from the Hellenes, who were fo called from Hel- 

 len, the fon of Deucalion, and who formed a fmall tribe in 

 Theflaly: and from Doms, .yEolus, and Ion, his more 

 remote defcendants, the Hellenes were difcriminated by the 

 names of Dorians, jEolians, and lonians. The name of 

 the latter was gradually loft in the more illuftrious ap- 

 pellation of Athenians, fettled in the lefs barren parts of 

 Attica. (See Attic.\ and Atiien-s.) When the Hera- 

 cHdae took pofteflion of the Peloponnefus, 80 3'ears after 

 the taking of Troy, B.C. 1 104, a lignal revolution took 

 place in feveral ftates of Greece ; and thofe tribes, which 

 occupied the iflands and coafts of Afia Minor, were either 

 expelled by their conquerors, or migrated to feek new fettle- 

 ments. Tlw .ff^olians were the firft of thefe emigrants, they 

 crofTed the Helle^ont 88 years after the taking of- Troy, 

 B.C. 1096, and eftablidied themfclves in the country, after, 

 wards called MoY\s or jTioha. According to Blair's table* 

 their migration took place before the return of the Hera». 

 clidae, in the year B C. ti24. (See Xolis.) Upon the 

 death of Codrus, B C. 1070, the monarchical form of go- 

 vernment was abohfticd in Athens, and fucceeded by the ad- 

 miniilration of Archons. Difiatisfied probably with this 

 change, Neleus and Androclus, younger fons of Codrus, 

 determined to leave their country. Accordingly being 

 joined by many refugee.!, and Athenian citizens, who com- 

 plained that Attica was too narrow and barren for maintain- 

 ing the incrcafing number of its inhabitants, failed to Afia 

 Minor, and, expelling the ancient inhabitants, feizcd the 

 ceulral. and nwft beauiifvd portion of the Alialic coalt. 



I O N 



Their colonies were gradually diffufed from the banks of the 

 Hermus to the promontory of Pofideion. They afterwards 

 took pofTeflion of Chios and Samos ; and all thefe countries 

 were united by the common name of Ionia, to denote that 

 the lonians compofed the moft numerous divifion of the 

 colony. The Ionic migration is fixed in Blair's tables at the 

 year B.C. 1044, 60 years after the return of the Hera- 

 chdae ; but others refer it to the year B.C. 1055. The laft 

 tribe which emigrated was that of the Dorians, who, in the 

 year B. C. 944, failed to the iflands of Rhodes and Crete, 

 already peopled by Doric tribes ; while others tranfported 

 themfclves to the peninfula of Caria, which, in honour of 

 their mother country, received the name of Doris. (See 

 Doris.) In confequence of tiiis eftabliihment, which was . 

 formed 240 years after the Trojan war, the weftern coaft of 

 Afia Minor was planted by the .^olians in the north, the 

 lonians in the middle, and the Dorians in the fouth. The 

 lonians, in particular, fettled in a country of great extent 

 and fertility, enjoyi.ng the moft dehcious chmate, and pe- 

 culiarly adapted to a commercial intercourfe with the moft 

 improved-nations of antiquity. Thus favoured, they filencly 

 flouriflied in peace and profperity, till tlieir growing num- 

 bers and wealth excited the avarice or jealoufy of th? 

 powers of Afia. I'hey were fuccelTively conquered by 

 the Lydians and Perfian?, but never thoroughly fubdued. 

 << Having imbibed,'' fays Dr. Gillies (Hift. of Anc. Greece, 

 vol. I. chap. 3.) " the principles of European liberty, 

 they fpurned the yoke of Afiatic bondage. In their glo- 

 rious rtruggles to realTume the charecler of freemen, they 

 folicited and obtained the afiiftance of their Athenian an- 

 ceftors, and occafioned that memorable rivalftiip between the 

 Greeks and Perfians, which having lafted two centuries, 

 ended in the deftruction of the Perfian empire. In this 

 Hluilrious conteft, the firft fucceffes of the Greeks againft 

 enemies far more powerful, and incomparably more numerous 

 than themfelves,. infpired them with an enthuGafm of valour. 

 Their exploits merited not only praife but wonder; and 

 feemed fit fubjeds for that hiftorical romance, which, in the 

 progrefs of hterature, naturally fucceeds to epic poetry." 

 In procefs of time the lonians, poftelling tlie delightful" 

 country above-mentioned, together with the mouths of great 

 rivers, having before them convenient and capacious bar- 

 hours, and behind, the wealthy and populous nations of 

 Afia, whofe commerce they enjoyed and engrofled, attained 

 fuch early and rapid proiiciency in the art.i of navigation 

 and traffic, as raifed the cities of Miletus, Colophon, and 

 Phocaea, to an extraordinary pitch of opulence and grandeur. 

 Their population increafing with their profperity, they dif- 

 fufed new colonies every where around them. Having ob- 

 tained footing in Egypt, in the eighth century before Chrift, 

 they acquired, and thenceforth preferved, the cHclufive com- 

 merce of that ancient and powerful kingdom. Their terri- 

 tories, though in their greateft breadth comprcfled between 

 the fsa and the dominions of Lydia to the extent of fcarcely 

 forty miles, became not only fiourilhing in peace, but for- 

 midable in war. With the utraoft induTlry and perfeverance 

 they iinproved and ennobled the ufeful or elegant arts, which 

 they found already praftiied among the Phrygians and Ly- 

 dians. They incorporated the mufic of thofe nations with 

 their own. Their poetry far excelled whatever Pagan an. 

 tiquity could boaft moft precious. They rivalled the ikill of 

 their neighbours in moulding clay andcafting brafs. Thev 

 appear to have been the firft pe()i>le who made ftatues of 

 marble. The Doric and Ionic orders of architefture perpe. 

 tuale, in their names, the honour of their inventors. Paint, 

 ing was nrft reduced to rule, and pra6tiied with fiiccels 

 among the Greeks ; and we may be affured, that, durinj; 

 7 the 



