IONIC ORDER. 



dedicated to Diana, Juno, Apollo, Fortune, Concord, &c. 

 It may alfo be employed in palaces, halls of jullice, and pri- 

 vate lioufes. 



In crefting the temple at Ephefus, the bold charafteriftics 

 of the original hut were omitted ; and initead of the tri- 

 glyphs and mutulcs of the Doric order, the more delicate 

 dentils of the Ionic were fubftituted. The omifiion of thcfe 

 large members obviates the difficulty experienced in the exe- 

 cution of the Doric in confined lituations, particularly in 

 internal angles. 



The Ionic bafe, according to Vitruvius, confifts of a 

 torus and two fcotise, with aftragals between them. In the 

 Athenian Ionics, the bafe confifts of two tori, with a fcotia 

 or trochilus between them, and two fillets, each feparating 

 the fcotia from die torus above and below. The fillet above 

 the torus generally projefte as far as the extremity of the 

 upper torus, and tiie lower fillet beyond it. The fcotia is 

 very flat, and its lection forms an elliptic curve, joining the 

 fillet on each iide. The tori and fcotia are nearly of equal 

 heights. In the Ionic temple on the Illyfus, a bead and 

 fillet are employed above the upper torus, joining the fillet 

 to the fcape of the column. In this temple, and in that of 

 Ereftheus, the upper torus is fluted, except the lower part, 

 where it joins the upper furface of the fillet, which is pre- 

 ferved entire. The bafes of the antze of the latter temple are 

 alfo recefi'ed. In the temple of Minerva Pofias, the upper 

 fcotia is enriched with a guilloche, and the bafes of the antse 

 are ftriated, the flutes being feparated from each other by 

 two fmall cylindric mouldings of a quadrantal feftion, which 

 join each other at their convexities. This is the true Attic 

 bow, it was invented by the Athenians, and is the mod 

 favourite bafe both with the ancients and moderns, being 

 lighter in its upper part than the Ionic, more pleafing in its 

 contour, and elegant in its general appearance. The Romans 

 did not confine the ufe of this bafe to their Ionics, but very 

 frequently adopted it in the Corinthian and Compofite 

 orders. They, however, differed very much from the 

 Greeks in the proportions they afiigned to it; for they 

 always make th; upper torus of a lefs height than the lower 

 one, have both tori plain, and give the fcotia a much greater 

 concavity. Tiie bafes of the Ionic and Corinthian orders 

 en the Colifcum, the Ionic on the theatre of Marcellus, and 

 the temple of Portuna Virihsat Rome, have nearly the fame 

 proportions with thofe defcnbed by Vitruvius. In the 

 temples of Minerva Polias, at Priene, and of Apollo Didy- 

 majus, near Miletus, the Ionic bafes eonfiil of a large torus, 

 three pair of a'lragals, feparated by two fcotix inverted 

 towards each other ; the upper pair of allragals lying below 

 the torus. In the former temple the torus is elhptical, and 

 feparated from the fhaft by the intervention of an aftragal. 

 The under part of this torus is alfo fluted, and there is a flute 

 .cnt in the upp.er part near tlie bead. In the latter temple, the 

 upper torus is plain, of a femi-circular fedion, with a nar- 

 row fillet between each bead of every pair. The bafe of 

 the Afia'ic Ionics differ very little from that of Vitruvius, 

 except that they have the fcotias inverted towards each other, 

 whicli gives a greater variety m the profile than when both 

 ftand in the fame pofition. The lonians alfo fometimes ufed 

 . the Attic bafe, as may be feen in the temple of Bacchus, at 

 Teos. 



T!ie Ionic (haft is fome'.imeB plain, but more frequently 

 /Iriafed into j^ flutes witli an equal number of fillets. 



Tlie villiile is a diiUnguifliing feature in this order, and 

 is varioufly executed. In all tlie Athenian Ionics, and in 

 ill* temple of Minerva Polias, at Priene, the loner edge of 

 the .canal bctiyecn the volutes is formed into a graceful curve. 



bending downwards, and coiling round the fpiral."! whieh 

 form the volutes. The volutes of the capitals of the tem- 

 ples of Minerva Polias, and of Erectheus at Athens, ex- 

 ceed every other remain of antiquity for fingularity and 

 beauty : each volute has a double channel, formed by two 

 diftinft fpiral borders, which leave between them a deep 

 recefs or groove, diminifliing gradually in its breadth till it 

 is entirely loft on the fide of the eye. In the former temple, 

 the fhaft is terminated with a fingle fillet below the lower 

 edges of the volutes ; and in the latter, with a fillet and 

 aitragal. In both, the Colorino is decorated with wood- 

 bines, formed alike in the alternate courfes, but differing in 

 the adjoining ones. The upper annular moulding of the 

 column is of a femi-circular feftion, embelliflied with a 

 guilloche. In the temple of Bacchus, at Teos, the great 

 theatre at Laodicea, and in all the Roman Ionics, the con- 

 netting channel of the volutes has no border on the lower 

 edge, but is terminated with a horizontal line, which falls a 

 tangent to the beginning of the fecond revolution of each 

 volute. When columns are given to the flanks as well as 

 the front of a building, the angular volute of the outfide 

 column is double, and made to face both the contiguous 

 fides of the building ; examples of which are to be met with 

 in the temples of Fortuna Virilis at Rome, of Minerva 

 Polias at Priene, of Bacchus at Teos, and of Ereclheus, 

 and the temple on tlie Illyfus, at Athens. Sometimes the 

 capitals of all the columns are made to face the four fides of 

 the abacus alike, as in the temple of Concord at Rome, 

 fiom which example the Scammozzian capital, as it is 

 called, was firll imitated by Michael Angelo, as may be 

 feen in the Confervatorium, embeiliflred by him with this 

 capital during the pontificate of Paul III. before Scam- 

 mozzi was known as an architeft. 



Both Grecian and Roman Ionic capitals have the echinus, 

 aftragal, and fillet. The echinus is uniformly cut into eggs, 

 furrounded with borders, and tongues between every two 

 borders. The aftragal confiils of a row of beads, two large 

 and two fmall altei-nately. In all the Roman buildings, ex- 

 cept the Colifcum, thefe mouldings are cut alike, differing 

 only in the tafte of the foliage. 



In the temple of the Illyfus, the architrave confifts of 

 one broad facia, crowned with a cymatium. The parts of 

 the cornice vifible in front are the corona, with its cyma- 

 tium and fima. The cymatium of the frieze is wrought 

 under the cornice, and confifts of a fima reverfa, and bead 

 below it. The height of the architrave is about two-fifths 

 of the entablature ; and by dividing the upper three-fifths 

 into five other parts, the plain part of the frieze will be fov.nd 

 to occupy three, and tlie cornice two parts. The archi- 

 traves of the temples of Erectheus and Minerva Polias at 

 Athens, confift of three facix and cymatium ; the cymatium 

 of the frieze being m.oftly wrought under the corona. Di- 

 vide the height of the entablature, from the bottom of the 

 lower facia to the top of the cymatium of the corona, into 

 19 parts, and the architrave, with the part of the frieze that 

 is feen, will be found to occupy 1 6, viz.. eight for the archi- 

 trave, and as many for the frieze ; the other three parts will 

 comprife the corona, including the larimer and cymatium. 



In general, the height of the entablature may be two 

 diameters ; but in buildings requiring grandeur as well as 

 elegance, it fhould not be leis than a fourth. 



The Afiatic Ionic diflers rnateriallv from the European 

 or Attic. lu t!ie former, moll of the rem:i)ns are without 

 the friezes, fo tluit the height of the entablatures canr.ot be 

 precifely determined, notwithllanding that the architraves 

 and cornices Isave been accurately meafured. In the great 



theatre 



