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hv Thales, the father of the Grecian philoi'ophy, verefuc 

 cefsfully cherillicd in their growth by Anaximandei'. He 

 w-m followed in the Ionic fchool by Anaxifflene3, AnaXa» 

 goras, Diogenes ApoUionetes, and Archelaus of MiletUB, who 

 may be confidered as the lall preceptor in the original Ionic 

 fchool. See the feveral biographical articles. Socrates ig 

 commonly reckoned to have been the difciple of Archelaiis. 

 He was himfelf the founder of a fchool j for an account of 

 wh.ich fee SocnATES and Sikratic Jc/ml. The inferior 

 fciSs in the Ionic fucceffion were tne Cyrettaic, the Megaric, 

 Bid the Eliac or Eretriac, Thofe of higher celebrity were 

 ■the Jtademic and the Cynic, from which latter arofe the Pi' 

 1-ifieletic ami the 5/o/V, which was the laft branch of the Ionic 

 ichool. See each of thefe articles. 



The Ionic philofophy, notwithflanding the celebrity of its 

 firft profeffors, foon failed in the Grecian fchools, and never 

 afterwards recovered it3 ancient reputation and authority. 

 This was owing to the fufpicion of impiety under which it 

 lay in Athens, to the early growth of new branches from the 

 Socralic Hock, and to the rife and fpreadof the Elc?ti." and 

 Epicurean philofophy. In later times, the univerfal preva- 

 lence of the Platonic and Ariftotelian fyftems precluded 

 every idea of reviving the phyfibiogy of the Ionic fchool, 

 till, in the 17th century, an attempt was made for this pur- 

 pofe by Berigard, but in a manner fo circumfpect and co- 

 vert, that this philofopher was commonly ranked among the 

 followers of Arillotle, and even fuppofed to be deep'y 

 tinftured with the impiety of his fyilem. Claud B;rig?.ru 

 was born at Molena in Spain in the year i^^i, R-'d (ludiod 

 firft at Aix, then at Paris, and afterwards at Pifa, where, 

 by the favour of the duke of Tut'cany, he was appointed 

 profeifor of mathematics and botany. His fame, which 

 Ipread through Italy, induced the republic of Venice, in the 

 year 1640, to appoint him, with a liberal ftipend, profelTor 

 of philofophy in Padua. Here he remained till his death in 

 1668. In the year 1632, he publifned, under a fiftitious 

 name, a work entitled'" Dubitationes in Dialogos Galilsei 

 de Terrae Immobilitate ;" but his principal work is his 

 " Circuli Pifani," in which he relates the difputations 

 which were held at Pifa, on the phyfical writings 

 of Ariftotle, and gives his own fentiments upon them. 

 Berigard, having perceived ciie folly of that imphcit 

 obL-Jience which had been long paid to the authority of 

 the ilagyrite, became a determined opponent of his phi- 

 lofophy, not openly, which would have been hazardous, but 

 in the indiredl and concealed method of dialogue. Adopting 

 the Ionic fyfteni, he framed a difputation between the 

 Ariilotelians ar.d Ionics, in which he made Ariftaus refute 

 the re.ifoning of Charileus, and fupport the doftrine of the 

 Ionic ichool, by an appeal to rxpe.rience, as v.ell as by 

 ni.iny ingenious arguments. However he faw, and confeffed, 

 that both the Peripatetic and Ionic fyllems were materially 

 defective, and in many particulars erroneous j and therefore 

 much incUnedto philofophical fceptieifm. Neverthilefs he 

 endeavoured to prove, that the followers of ThaleS ap- 

 proached nearer to truth than tjiofo of Arillotle, the dan- 

 gerous tendency of whofe tenets, in feveral particulars, he 

 clearly cxpofcd. Among the doftrines of the Ilagyrite, 

 thofe which he chiefly reprobatsd were the following, ^'iz. 

 <hat the world is eternal j that the refidence of the firft 

 mover is confined to the outer fphere of the univerfc j that 

 neither the world, nor any being, can properly be faid to 

 have been created ; and that there is or.e foul common to the 

 whole human fpeciei. In oppofi:ion to thefe opinions, 

 which Berigard rejeded as capital errors, from which many 

 others muit arife, he maintained the Ionic doftrine of the 

 .eternity of the primary particles of matter; of a forming 



JO N 



and preAding mind, by whofe agency thefe particles were 

 coUefled into diftincl bodies i and of the combination and 

 difperuon of thefe as conftituting the formation and d'fTolu- 

 tion of all things. In (liort, Berigard fesms to haveprepared 

 the way for the revival of the Atomic fyftem of Epicurus, 

 which v/a5, foon after this time, reftored and defended by 

 Gaffendi. Brucker's Hift. of Philof. by Enfield. Bayle. 



loKic Ti'iitifmigrathn was heretofore a'celcbraled epocha, 

 which took its rife from the retreat of the Athenian colonies } 

 who, upon the death of Codrus, put themfelves under the 

 command of his fon Neleus, and eftabliflied the twelve 

 cities of Ionia in Afia. 



Thofe colonies, according to Eratofthenes, were eftabliflied 

 fifty years after the return of the Heraclids ; and, according 

 to Marfham, feventy-feven years after the taking of Troy. 

 See Ionia. 



Ionic, or loN-iAS MaJs, in the Anc'iinl Greets Mufu. 

 Th.e Ionian mode, reckoning from the grave to the acute, 

 wa-s the fecond of the five middle modes in the Grecian 

 fyftem. This mode was alfo called Jajliau, and EucUd ftill 

 terms it l\ie gfdw Phrygian mode. See Mode. 



lONIS, in Surgery, a caibuncleof a violet colour. 



JONKAKONDA, in Geography, a town of Africa, is 

 the kingdom, of Yani, on tlie N. fide of the Gambia, N. 

 lat. ty 37'. W. long, ly' yo'. 



JONKI OPING, a town of Sweden, in the province of 

 Kmaland, beautifully iltuated between two fmall lakes, at 

 the fouthern extremity of the Wetter lake ; it is the capital 

 of the province, and the feat of the parliament or fuperior 

 court of juftice for the kingdom of Gothland. The town i» 

 two miles in circumference, and contains Jooo inhabitants \ 

 the houfes are moftly of svood, covered with turf. This 

 town contains two fauxbourgs, three ciiurches, an arfenal, 

 and a mannfaclure of arms; ij6 miles S.W. of Stockholm. 

 N. lat. i;7 45'. E.long. ij*- yg'. 



JONKS, or JoN'QUEs, in Ship Buihling, veiTols very cem* 

 mon in the Eaft Indies, about tlie bignefs of our fly-boats, 

 but differing in form of building, according to the variou* 

 methods of tlie nations in thofe parts. See Jt/KK. 



JONOOL, in Geography, a town on tlie N.W. coail of 

 the iflandof Timor. S. lat. 8= jy'. E. long, uj t^'. 



JONQUETIA, in BolMy, was fo called after Deni» 

 Jonquet, who, in the year 1665, publiftied the Hortus Regius 

 Parifmis, in folio. This catalogue contains about 4000 

 plants, of which indeed the greater part are only varieties 1 

 but amongft them are many Canadian and Alpine jilants.— • 

 Schreb. 308. Willd. Sp. Pi. v. 2. 750. Mart. Mi!U Diit. 

 v. 2. (Tapiru-a; Aubl. Guian. v. 1.470. — Tapiria, Juff. 

 372.) Clafs and oxAtt , De;cnJria Peiifagynia, ^fat. Ord. 

 Terehiniaceet, JufI', 



Gen. Ch. Cat. Perianth of five, rounditli, deciduous 

 leaves. Cor, Petals five, roundifh, concave, fpreading, 

 longer than the calyx. Stam. Filaments ten, fliortcr than 

 the corolla, affixed to a gland ; anthers roundifli. Piji, 

 Germen five-fided, furrounded by a glandule ; ftyles none ; 

 lligmas five. Peric, Capfule fomewhat globular, roundiih, 

 fivc'fruitfcd, of one cell and five valves. Seeds five, ovatei 

 ai'illatcd, each afS.sed to the valves. 



Ell'. Ch. Calyx of five leaves. Petah five. Capfule fub. 

 globular, of One cell, five valves, and five arillated feeds. 



1. i . paniculdtA, Willd. (J. guianenfis ; Mart.— Tapirira 

 guianenlis; Aubl. Guian. t. 188.)— A native of woods in 

 Guiana, where it flowers in November., and brings forth 

 fruit in April. It is there called Tapiriri.— This tree rife* 

 to the height of fifty feet, has a fmooth \\\^<i\.hark, and a 

 white uncompacl nuaod. Lea'oci alternate, unequally pii>- 

 4iate i confifting of four or five p.m ^>f fmooth, thin, 



€i!tJre, 



