J U D 



l)een uiijed againft its authority, D.-. Lardner fugged*, 

 t!iat there is no neceflity for fuppofing that St. Jude quoted 

 a book called Enoch, or Enoch's prophecies ; and even 

 allowing that he did quote it, he gives it no authority ; it 

 was no canonical book of the Jeur,, and if fucli a book 

 exillcd among the Jews, it was apocryphal, and yet there 

 might be in it fome right things. Inllead of referring to a 

 book, called the " Aifumption or Afcenfion of Chrift,"' 

 which probably was a forgery much later than his time, it 

 is much more credible, that St. Jude refers to the vifion in 

 Zech. iii. i — j. It has been the opinion of fevcral writers, 

 and among others of Hammond and Beiifon, that St. Jude 

 addrcffi.-d his epiftle to Jewifli Ghriftians ; but Dr. Lardner 

 ijifers, from the word.i of the iiifcription of the epiftle v. i, 

 and V. 3, that it was dcligned for the ufe of all in general, 

 who had embraced the Cr.rillian religion. The laft men- 

 tioned author fiippofes, that this epiilte was written in the 

 year of Chrift 64, 65, or 66. Lardner's Works, vol. vi. 

 See Epistle. 



JUDEA, in Ancient Geography, a province of Afia, 

 more anciently called the la:id of Canaan, the land of Prom'ife, 

 the Holy Land, and P. •Mine ; which fee. It was called Judra, 

 from Judaii, whofe tribe was the moll conliderable of the 

 li, and poffefled the moft fcrhle part of the whole. It did 

 not afiume tlie name of Judea, till after the return of the 

 Jews from the Babylonifli captivity, though it had been 

 denominated, long before, the kingdom of Judah, in oppofi- 

 tion to that of Ifrael. After their return, this tribe, which 

 was the only one that made a ligure, fettled firft at Jen:- 

 falem, and in tiie adjacent territories, and then fpread 

 through the whole country, fo that the name of Jehudah 

 and Jehudim extended itfelf to al! the reft. (See Jldah. ) 

 Judea was aUb called Syria, False ftina-Syria, Ccele-Syria, 

 and Phoenicia. It was alfo called Idumxa, merely becaufe 

 tlie Idumseans feized on fome parts of it during the Daby- 

 Icniih captivity. The modern name, efpccially among 

 Giiriftians and Mahometans, is Pakftine ; which fee. 



Before the arrival of the Hebrews, Jndea was governed 

 by CanaanitilTi kings, each in his refpeftive city. (See 

 C.'kNWAN.) When Joihua conquered it, he governed it as 

 the vicegerent of J..-hovah, according to the form of the 

 Jewifti tlieocracy. The elders fucceeded Jodiua, about 15 

 years ; after which the Ifraelites fell into a kind of anarchy 

 for feven or eight years. Tlisy were governed by Judges for 

 abotit 3 1 7 years ; then by kings from Saul to the Baby- 

 lonifli captivity about 507 years. After the captivity, 

 Judah continued fubject to the kings of Periia, then to 

 Alexander the Great, and his fucceflbrs ; fometimes to the 

 kings of Syria, fometimes to the kings of Eg3-pt ; paying, 

 neverthelefs, great deference, in matters of private govern- 

 ment, to the high prieft, and to princes of the family of 

 David. From the time of the Maccabees, they continued 

 ill pofleflion of the fovereign authority, till the reign of 

 Herod the Great, abotit 135 years. See Jew.>.-. 



JUDENBACH, in Geography, a town of Germany, in 

 the principality of Coburg ; i 2 miles N.E. of Coburg. 



JUDENBURG, a town and capital of Upper Stiria, 

 on the river Miiehr, on a plain ftirrounded with lofty moun- 

 tains, always covered with fnow. It has a caftle, college, 

 asid two convents. The French took it in 1797 ; 32 miles 

 ■V(?.N.W. of Gratz. N. lat. 47° to'. E. long. 14^ 25'. 



JUDGE, an officer appointed by the fovereign powers 

 of any country, to diftribute that jufticc to their fubjedls 

 wiiich they cannot adminifter in perlcn. 



The charafler of judge is part of the regal authority, 

 vfcercof the kin<j diveft^ him felt. 



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_ The chief funclion of judges is for the trial of caufcs botfi 

 civil and criminal. 



The Englilli judges are chofen out of the ferjeants at law, 

 and are conftituted by letters patent. Their comminTions 

 are bounded with thi.'? limitation, " faduri quod ad jiiftitiam 

 pertinent feeundura legem & confuctudinem Anglii :" and 

 at their creation they take an oath, that they will indif- 

 ferently miniiler jultice to all them thnt (hall have any fuit 

 or plea before them ; and this they will not forbear to do, 

 though the kin-; by his letters, or by exprefs word of mouth, 

 fhould command the contrary ; antl they are anfwerable in 

 body, land, and ooods. 18 Ed III. c.'l. 



By the law of England all judges muft derive their autho- 

 rity from the crown, by fome commidioii warranted by law. 

 The judges of the king's bench, common pleas, and the 

 barons of the exchequer, are all ^excepting thi> chief jufticc 

 of the king's bench, who is created by writ) appointed by 

 patent. Formerly they held their places only during the 

 king's pleafiire ; but now, for the greater fecurity of the 

 hbcrty of the fubjed, by ftatute rj Will. III. c' 2. their 

 commiflions are to be quamdiu fe bene gejfcr'mt, and their 

 falarles are afcertained and ellablifiied ; and bv i Geo. III. 

 cap. 23. they are to continue, notwiihftandirg the demife 

 of the crown ; and their full falaries are abfolutely I'ecured 

 to them during the continuance of their commifTions, 

 Though upon an addrefs of both faoules of parliament they 

 may be lawfuliy removed. 



Judges muft exercife their authority in a legal manner, 

 and hold their courts in their proper perfons ; for they can- 

 not aft by deputy, nor any way transfer their power to an- 

 other, as the judges of eccieilaftical courts ir.ar. Yet when 

 there are feveral j'.jdges in a court of record, the aft of any 

 one of them is efFeftual, provided their commifEons do not 

 require more : fo likewife what is executed by a majority 

 prefent, is the aft of the court ; but where they are equally 

 divided in opinion, the caufe is to be removed into the ex- 

 chequer chamber, and for that purpofe a nde is to be made, 

 and the record certified, &c. Some things done by judges 

 at their chambers are accounted as done by the court ; and 

 that they may be prepared to hear what is to come before 

 them, they are to have a paper of the caufes to be heard, 

 fent to them by the attornies the day before they are fpokeii 

 to ; that if, upon reading the record of any caufe, any 

 fpecial matter that arifes ftiould appear doubtful, they may 

 fatisfy themfelves by confulting books. 



The judges are bound by oath to determine according to 

 the known laws and ancient cuftoms of the realm. Their 

 rule herein muft be the judicial decifions and refolutions upon 

 the various caufes that have occurred, and not their owa 

 arbitrary will and pleafure, or that of their prince. 



Judges are free from all profecutions for any thing done 

 by them in court, which appears to ha\-e been an error of 

 their judgment. But for wilful corruption, they have been 

 complained of to the ftar-chamber formerly, and may now 

 be called to an accoimt in parliament. 



It has been faid, that fcandalous refleftjons on the iudges 

 in Weftminftcr-hall are within the ftatute oi fcandalum ma"- 

 natum. 



Thofe who ufe threatening or reproachful words to a 

 judge fitting in the courts, are guilty of a high mifprifion, 

 and have been punifhed with large fines, imprifonment, and 

 corporal puoiftimeiit. (Cro. Car. 503.) Aflaulting ajudge, 

 litting in the ccurt, by drawing a weapon, without any 

 blow ilruck, is punilhable with the lofs of the right hand, 

 imprifonm.ont for life, ar.d forfeiture of goods and chatttls, 

 and of the profits of the perfoU's lands during life (3 Inft. 



