JUG 



I'ciupulx. tt3 proportion to the Englifti acre is as 10,000 

 to 16,097. 



JUGHIGOPA, in Geography, a town of Bengal ; 27 

 miles E. of Rangaimitty. 



JUGK, a town of Pruffia, in the province of Natangen ; 

 ro miles N.W. of Lick. 



JUGLANS, in Botany, fo called by the Roman writers, 

 on account of the excellence of the nut. It is cOntrafted 

 from Jovis gljns, the acorn or mail of Jove. — Walnut-tree, 

 Linn. Gen. 496. Schreb. 64J. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 4. 45;. 

 Mart. Mill. DicT:. v. 2. Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 3. 360. Jull. 

 375. Lamarck. Dia. V. 4. 500. Illuftr. t. 781. Gxrtn. 

 t. 89. (Nux; Tournef. t. 346.) Clafs and order, Monacia 

 Polyandria. Nat. Ord. Amentaceit, Linn. Terebinlacea, 

 JufT. 



Gen. Ch. Male, Cal. Perianth elliptical, flat, divided into 

 fix, depreffed, concave, obtufe fegments. Cor. none. 

 Slam. Filaments from eighteen to twenty-four, very ihort ; 

 anthers oval. — Female, Cal. Perianth of one leaf, bell- 

 (haped, four-cleft, ereft, very (hort, fingle-flowered. Cor. 

 of one petal, four-cleft, eredl, acute, a little longer than 

 the calvx. Pi/I. Germen inferior, oval, large ; ftyle very 

 fliort ; iiigmas two, reflexed, jagged at the extremity. Peric. 

 Drupa dry, oval, large, of one cell. Seed. Nut large, 

 roundilh, reticulated with furrows ; kernel four-lobed, va- 

 rioufly fun-owed. 



EiT. Ch. Male, Calyx depreffed, fix-lobed. Corolla none. 

 Stamens about twenty. Female, Calyx four-cleft, fuperi«r. 

 Corolla four-cleft. Styles two. Drupa with a furrowed 

 lobed kernel. 



I. J. regia. Common Walnut-tree. — Linn. Sp. PI. 1415. 

 Mill. lUullr. t. 81. — Leaflets about nine, oval, fniooth, 

 nightly ferrated, equal. Fruit globofe. — A native of Pcr- 

 fia, and alfo of the northern parts of China. It flowers in 

 the fpring, and bears fruit in autumn. A large and hand- 

 fome tree, with ilrong fpreading boughs. Leaves pinnate, 

 extremely fragrant ; the end leaflet ftanding on a foot-ftalk. 

 Male-Jloivers in a clofe, pendulous fpike. Females fcattered, 

 frequently two or three together. — Fruit an ovate, fmooth 

 nut, containing a white, delicious, oily kernel, whofe fur- 

 face is rugged, and covered with a tough, yellowi(h (l{in. — 

 The walnut-tree is univerfally known and admired for the 

 fplendour of its foliage, the delicacy of its fruit, and the 

 utility of its wood. — There are many varieties of the fpe- 

 cies in queftion, well known to cultivators. It was formerly 

 more propagated in Britain than at prefent, for its wood, 

 which was in very great eftecm, till the introduction of ma- 

 hogany fomewhat f.iperfeded its ufe, but is ilill in great rc- 

 queft for furniture in various parts of the continent ; with us 

 it is valued chiefly for gun-ftocks, the demand for which, of 

 late years, has caufed great devaftalion among our walnut- 

 trees, a circumft;ance worthy the attention of perfons who 

 make planting an objeft either of plcalure or profit. The 

 unripe fruit is frequently converted into a pickle or pre- 

 ferve. 



2. /. alba. The Hickery, or White Walnut-tree. — Linn. 

 Sp. PI. 1415. — Leaflets feven, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, 

 ferrated, pubefcent underneath ; the odd one fcffile. Fruit 

 nearly quadrangular, fmooth. — Native of North America. 

 — Leaves compofed of two or three pairs of oblong leaflets, 

 terminated by an odd one, which is feffile. Fruit fliapcd 

 fomewhat like a common walnut, but the fhell is not furrow- 

 ed, does not fplit afunder, and is of a lighter colour. — 

 Catefljy defcribe^ this as a very large tree, with a trunk two 

 or three feet in diameter, the leaves differing from the lalt not 

 •nly in being ferrated, but narrower, and more pointed. 

 The IhcU is fo very hard that it cannot eafily be broken. 



JUG 



The kernel is fweet and well-tafted, affording a wliolel 

 and pleafant oil. 



^. J. nigra. Black Walnut-tree. — Linn. Sp. PI. 141,-. i| 

 Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. lyi. — Leaflets about fifteen, oblong-lan- 

 ceolate, ferrated. Fruit globular, roughifn, dotted Found 



from Pennfylvania to Florida. It flowers in April and 

 May. This is alfo a large tree. Leaves compofed of fix or 

 feven pairs of leaflets, which nre acute and ferrated, emitting 

 a ftrong aromatic flavour. Outer cover of the nuts rough ; 

 thefe are rounder than the common walnut. Shell hard and 

 thick ; kernel very fweet. The wood is the mofl valuable 

 of all walnut-trees, being very finely veined, and capable 

 of receiving a high degree of polifli. There were large 

 trees of the Black Walnut in Chelfea garden in 1759, which 

 had produced abundance of fruit for upwards of forty 

 years. 



There are feveral other fpecies of Juglans, chiefly, if not 

 entirely, natives of America, al! remarkable for the excel- 

 lence of their wood. Willdenow enumerates eleven — pro- 

 feffor Martyn eight. 



Of thefe /. cinerea, the Afh-coloured Walnut, Jacq. Ic. 

 Rar. t. 192. and /. haccata, the pulpy-coated walnut, figured 

 in Sloane's Jamaica, t. 157. f. I, are the only remaining 

 Linnsean ones. Of the genus of the latter we prefume there 

 mull be confiderable doubt. 



Juglans, in Gardening, comprifes plants of the de- 

 ciduous, hardy tree kind, of which the fpecies moftly culti- 

 vated are, the common walnut-tree (J. regia) ; the white 

 walnut-tree (J. alba) ; and the black walnut-tree (J. 

 nigra). 



It is remarked of the firft fort by Martyn, that, as " they 

 all vary again when raifed from the feed, and that as nuts 

 from the fan.e tree will produce different fruit ; perfons who 

 plant the walnut for its fruit, iTiould make choice of the 

 trees in the nurferies, when they have their fruit upon 

 them." 



The principal varieties are, the oval walnut, the round 

 walnut, the large walnut, the fmall-fruited walnut, the 

 double walnut, the early walnut, the late walnut, the tcnder- 

 thin-(helled wnlnut, and the hard thick-flielled walnut. 



Method of Culture.— It may be obferved that all the forts 

 are capable of being increafed by planting tiie feed or nuts, 

 which in the firft fpecies fhould be of the beft varieties when 

 intended as fruit-trees, which, after they are become perfectly 

 ripe, and have been preferved in dry fand till about the end 

 of February, Ihou'd be fet either in flight drills, five or fix 

 inches apart in the rows, and a foot diftant, or by the dib- 

 ble, at the fame diilance, putting them into the depth of 

 two or three inches, the gro'.md having been previoufly well 

 dug over. When the plants h;\ve had two years' growth in 

 the feed-bed, they ftiould be removed into nurfcry rows, 

 fhortening the tap roots, but preferving the tops entire, 

 putting them at the diliance of two feet and a half from 

 row to row, and a foot and a half in the rows ; they fhould 

 remain in this fi> nation till they have attained five or fix feet 

 in height, trainir.g them with fingle ftems ; after which 

 they may be removed into the fituations where they are to 

 grow. 



When the trees are intended for timber, it is a good prac- 

 tice to plant them out at once where they are to grow, as 

 they thrive fafl^er, and form better trees. 



But in raifing the walnut for fruit, Mr. Boutcher recom- 

 mends flat-doncs, tile-fliords, or dates, to be buried eight 

 inches deep, under the nuts when they are fet : the diftance 

 to be fix inches, and the depth t\.-o inches. After two fca- 

 fons, they fliould be removed early in autumn, and planted 

 fourteen or fixteen inches afunder, en the fame kind of bot- 

 tom. 



