JUG 



torn, or any hard rubbifh, to prevent tfi;m from linking 

 downwards, and to induce them to fpread their roots on the 

 Furface. At the end of two or tliree years this (hould be 

 repeated again, snaking the bedding at the depth of fifteen 

 or Sixteen mches, and planting them two feet afunder : here 

 kt them remain three or four years, Avhen they will be lit to 

 remove for the laft time. The foil for fruit-trees fhould be 

 dry and found, with a Tandy, gravelly, or chnlky bottom. 

 The trees managed in this way will have higlier flavoured 

 fruit, ripen earlier, and bear a plentifal crop twenty years 

 fooncr than in the ufual method. The beil manure for liiem 

 is afhes, fpread tKe beginning of winter, thi land having 

 been fird ploughed or dug over. 



And as plants raifed from the nuts of the fame tree bear 

 fruit of very different qualities, he advifes the inarching one 

 of t!ie beil forts on the common wahiul-tree ; by which me- 

 thod the piaiifr is fecire of his fort, and vvili have fruit in 

 one-third of the time tliat l;e would obtain it fnmi the nut. 

 'I'his method can, however, be prafticable only in few fil'.ia- 

 tions. The length of time in wiiich the walnut bears well 

 from the nut, is about twenty years. 



The nuts of the two other forts are procured from Ame- 

 rica by the nurferymen 



Plants of the firft fort are cultivated for ornament, as well 

 as the nut or fruit which they afford. The fruit is ufed in 

 two different flages of its 'growth; as, when green, to 

 pickle ; and when ripe, to eat the kernel. For the fu-ll 

 purpofe, the young green walnut, when about half or near 

 three parts grown, befare the outer coat and interiiol fliell 

 become hard, is moft excellent ; for which they are generally 

 ready in July or the following month, and fhould be gathered 

 by hand, choofing fucli as are as free from fpecks as pof- 

 fi'ble. 



The fruit is difcovered to be fully ripe by the outer hufic 

 eafily feparating from the nut, or by the hullcs fometinies 

 opening, and the nuts dropping out ; it is ufually about the 

 latter er.d of September, which, in trees of confiderable 

 growth, is commonly beaten down with long poles ; for, as 

 the walnuts groiv moftly at the extremity of the branches, 

 it would, in very large fpreading trees, be troublelome and 

 tedious work to gather them by hand. As loon as gathered, 

 they (hould be laid in heaps a few days to heat and fvveat, to 

 caufe their outer huiks, which clofely adhere, to feparate 

 from the (hell of the nuts ; then be cleared from the rubbilb, 

 and depolited in a dry room for ufe, covering them over 

 clofc with dry ftraw, a foot thick, where they will keep 

 three or four months. They are always ready fale at mar- 

 ket, in large towns, where, at their firlt coming in, they are 

 brought with their hudcs on, and fold by the fack, orbiifhcl, 

 but afterwards cleaned, and fold both by the meafure and 

 the thor.fpnd. 



Plantations of thefe trees are therefore profitable, in their 

 annual crops of fruit, while growing, and in their timber, 

 when felled or cut down. 



Thefe, as well as the other forts, may many of them be 

 admitted into clumps or plantations, in large pleafnre- 

 jrrounds, for variety. After one or two years, the other 

 forts are nearly as hardy as the tirft ; but tilUhat time (hould 

 be proterted a^ainft frofts in the winter feafon. 



JCGLASS Re[;ia, Common -walnut-tree, in the Malerin Me- 

 dkit. ' The unripe fruit has an allringent bitterifh taile, an'a" 

 has been long ufed as a pickle. This is the part directed for 

 medicinal ufe by the London college, on account of its an- 

 tl;elmintic virtues. Its tffed in dellroying worms feems to 

 be confirmed by the tellimony of feveral authors ; and in 

 proof of .Its polTeffing this vermifuge power, we are told 

 vtiat water, in wliich the green (hells of walnuts have been Dia- 



VoL. XIX, 



JUG 



aerated, on being poured in a garden, was found to drive all 

 the earth-worms together as far as the water extended ; and 

 thiit the worms, by being immcrfed in a ftrong infufion of 

 thefe (hells, were immediately fcized with fpafms, and died in 

 two minutes aftervvaids. An extraft of tlie green fruit is 

 the moil convenient pre])aration, as it may be kept for a fuffi,- 

 cicnt length of time, and made agreeable to the ftomach of 

 the patient by mixing it with cinnamon-water. Tliis fruit, 

 in its immature (late, is alfo faid to be laxative, aud of .ufe 

 in aphthous affeftions and fore throats. The Wirtcinbeig 

 Pharmac. directs a rob for the above purpofesto be prepared 

 of its juice. The kernel of the walnut is timilar in quaiiti' a 

 to tliat of the almond and haxel nut, and affords an oil, 

 vihicii amounts to half the weight of the kernel. This oil 

 is faid not to freeze by cold, and to anfwer the medical pur- 

 pofes of the oil of almonds. Vinegar, in which walnuts Lave 

 been pickled, has been found to be a very ufcfiJ garcl-. 

 Woodv. Med. Bot. 



JUGLERS. &eeVv.ovz^<;.\\. Poets. 



JUGON, in Geography, a town of France, in the de- 

 partment of the North Coads, and chief phicc of a cantoi:, 

 in the dillrict of Dinan ; lo miles W. .if Dinaii. The 

 place contains 4.08, and the canton 991 : inhabitants, on a 

 territorv of 147^ kilionietrcs, in S commune,-. 



JUGRAT, a town of Hindooilan, m the circar of 

 Chandor.^e : 1 5 miles N. of Chandcrec. 



JUGL'LAR, among Analom'ijlst is applied to cert;i:.> 

 veins of the neck, which terminate in the fubclaviaiis. Se«; 

 Vein-. 



Jlcular Vi'm, how tepimSurc in bkeeTmg. Sec ytNESEC 

 TION'. 



Jl'guL-VR is alfo applied to certain glands in the neck, irj 

 the fpaccs between the mufcles. See GL.txns. 



JUGULARES, in t\\i^ Linnj-cm Sypm, is the name of 

 an order or divilion of tifii, the general charader of which 

 is, that they have ventral fins before the pectoral fins, and 

 oiTiculnttd bronchia;. This order comprehends fix genera, 

 viz. callionymus, uranofcopus, trach'mus, gadus, bknnius, and 

 iar/iis ; which fee refpedively. 



JUGURTHA, in Bkgriiphy, king of Numidia, was 

 the natural fon of Manaftabal, one of the three fons of Ma!- 

 finiifa, who, after tlie death of that prince, poffefled t!u- 

 kingdom jointly. Mifcipfa, the furvivor, and who inherited 

 his father's kingdom, educated his nephew Jngurtha with 

 his two fons Adherbal and Hiempfal ; but as he was of an 

 afpiring difpofition, he fcnt him with a bod) of troops t<' 

 the aliillance of Scipio, who was bclieging Numanlia, 

 hoping to lofe a voulh whofe au.bition feemcd to threaten the 

 tranquillity of liis children. Hi.s hopes were frufiratcd, and 

 Jngurtha returned with great glory, having alfo acquired the 

 friendfhip of his general Scipio Africaniis. Mifcipfa ap- 

 pointed him fuccefTor to his kingdom with his two fons, but 

 the kindnefs of the father proved fatal to the children. Ji:- 

 gurtha caufcd Hiempfal to be allaiTniatcd, and dripped Ad- 

 herbal of his pofTeflions, and cbliged him to fly to Rome for 

 fafety. The Roman people lillened to the well-grounded 

 Complai:'ts of Adiicrbal, .but Jiigurtha's influence prevailed 

 among the fenators ; and the fuppliaiit monarch, forfaken 

 in his diltrefs, perilbed by the fnarcs of the enemy, and 

 with, every circumllance of cruelty. Thefe .atrocities ex- 

 cued fuch a flaine at Rome, that the fenate, in effect, declar- 

 ed war againil Jngurtha. Cjeciliits Metellus was fent againlt 

 him, and by his firmnefs and fucccfs, the Numidian was forced 

 to fcik fupport from hie favagc neighbours. A variety of 

 actions eniued. in which the Roman arms werc^moiUy fuc- 

 cefsful, thoupli Jngurtha, Ikilfuily purfuing die Nutnidiaa' 

 niOiJe of warfare, did not cc,-ifc to liarafs his enemies, and 

 4 V oppofS 



