J U L 



promotes perfpiration, and may be of fcrvicc in fevers, efpe- 

 , cially of the inflammatory kind. 

 ■ The vomil'mg julep is made, by difTolving four grains of 

 emetic tartar in eight ounces of water, and adding to it half 

 an ounce of the fyrup of clove July-flowers. This julep n;ay 

 be given, in the Ijcginning of fevers, in tliedofe of one tabie- 

 fpootvful every quarter of an hour till it operates. 

 Ji;tEP, Mephilk. See Pyhmont IFnkr. 

 JULETA, in Grogmphy, a town of Sweden, in Sudcr- 

 Baania ; 35 miles N.W. of Nykioping. 



JULFAR, or Ds.n lfar, a town of Arabia, in the pro- 

 ' vince of Oman, fituated on a bay of the Perfian gulf; 100 

 »»nes N.W. of Oman. N. lat. :6^ 3'. E. long. 57 . 



JULCr.ANOO. a town of Bindoollan, in the Candcidi ; 

 46 rniles E. of Burhampour. 



JULGONG, a K'CTii of Hindooflan, in the circar of Au- 

 rungabad ; 15 miles S.W. of Aurungabad. 



lULI, or CatKIN-s, PetriffH, in Natural Hipiy. Small 

 fofhl bodies are found in the chalk-pits, near the bottom of 

 t"he chalk ferics in Chcrry-Hinton, in Cambridgeiliire, which 

 Mr. Parkinfon has defcribed in the I ft volume of his Orc;anic 

 Remains, p. 456, and confiders them as the iuli of the larch, 

 or fome other tree ; Dr. Parfons having coiifidercd them as 

 parts of the roots of fome plant, both of which opinions 

 we confider as very far from probable. Dr. Woodward, 

 from obferving the great accumulation of iuli, chives, or 

 chaff of the buds of trees and plants, in the peat marlhes of 

 our low fen lands, in his edition to tlie zd part of his Na- 

 tural Hiftory of the Earth, p. 125, confiders the fame as an 

 evidence that the Mofaic deluge happened in the fpring 

 feafon, as related : not confidering that the floods of every 

 fpring and fummer ilill bring down fuch floating bodies in the 

 rivers, and depofit them on their banks and fliores in the 

 level parts of their coiirfc. 



JULIA DoMNA, in Bhgrcphy, fecond wife of the 

 emperor Severus, was a woman of great accomplifhmcnts, 

 anatkeof Emefa, in Syria, and daughter to BafTianus, priefl 

 c5f the fun. In early life ihe applied herfelf to the lludy of 

 geomctrv and philofophv, and became as celebrated for her 

 riiental as her perfonal charms. She came to Rome, where 

 her learnmg recommended her to all tlie literati of the city. 

 At twenty years of age fhe married Severus, who, twenty 

 years after this matrimonial connection, was invefted with the 

 imperial purple. Her accomplifliments made very little im- 

 preiTior. upon the heart and character of her huiband, who, 

 after a time, became fo jealous of her, that file thouglit it 

 right, probably from a confcioufnefs of guilt, and from a 

 defire of fafety, to withdraw from all public affairs, and oc- 

 cupy her time wholly in the fUidy of letters. She v.-as fully 

 fenfibleof literary merit, and invited to her court men dif- 

 tinguifhed for literary reputation, and it was at her defire 

 that Philollratus wrote the life of Apollonius Tyansus. 

 Her influence, after the deceafe of the emperor, was for a 

 time productive of tranquillity and union between her Ions 

 Caracallaand Geta. She oppofed the plan of dividing the 

 empire, but her attempts were ur.fuccefsful, and fo far from 

 being able to effect a fraternal union, fhe was obliged to 

 be the witnefs of the murder of her favourite fon Geta, 

 ftabbed in her own arms by the order of Caracalla. It is 

 faid fhe herfelf was wounded in endeavouring to ward 

 off the fatal blow. She foon recovertd from her grief, by 

 the flattering attention paid to her by Caracalla, and by his 

 placiaj; her name along with his own in letters to the fenate 

 and people. Her influence conid not prevent him fr<)m 

 prac\ifing thofe follies auJ enormities which led to his ruin, 

 and his death plunged her into the deepcft afflitVion. Re- 

 covering from her grief, fhe hoped to fliare the gowrninent 



JUL 



with Macrinus, the fiicceffor of Iier fon, and being difap- 

 pointed in this fhe retired from court, .and died in 217. It 

 is generally admitted that fhe ilarved' herfelf to death, but 

 whethtr from the dread of Macrinus, or to free herfelf from 

 the pains of a cancer, has not been afcertained. She had 

 experienced all the viciffitudcs of fortune : from an humble 

 fVafion llie had been raifed to greatnefs, only to talte the 

 fuperior bitternefs of an exalted rank. Gibbon. Univer, 

 Hifl. 



Julia, in Ichihyology, a name given by Salvian and Gaza, 

 to the loiihs of the Greek, ca!led_/i//('j by the Latin writers in 

 general, and by the Itahans, donzellina. It is a fpecics of tlie 

 Lahrtit, according to Artedi, and is dillinguilhed by that 

 author from the other iifh of that kind, by the nam.e of the 

 variegated labrus of a palm long, and having two larger 

 teeth in the upper jaw. See LAnuu.s lalls. 



JULIAN, Fl.wius Claidius Julianus, i:i Biography, 

 Roman emperor, the fon of Julius Conllantius, brother of 

 Conllantine the Great, was born at Conflantinople in the year 

 :53i,and was fiK years of age at the time of the maffacre of the 

 collateral branches of th.e Flavian family, after the death of 

 Conftantine, from which only himfelf and his elder brother 

 Gallus were faved. The young princes were extremely 

 well educated ; and being brought up in the Chriflian re- 

 ligion, were baptized, and admitted to fome inferior eccle- 

 fiaiHcal offices. Julian publicly read the Scriptures in the 

 church of Nicomedia. Gallus was invflled with the im- 

 perial purple as CxI'ar, in the twenty-fifth year of his age ; 

 and though he behaved with fraternal affeftion to Julian, hi* 

 general conduft was tyrannical and difgufling, and foon 

 brought him to his end. (See Gai.lvs.) From the time 

 that his brother was made Coefar, Julian was freed from 

 every reftraint, and put in pofTcfTion of ample patrimony. 

 He iiad imbibed ilrong prcpofTtfTions in favour of the doc- 

 trines of Paganifm, which were follcred by the leflbns of 

 fome philofophers of the Platonic fchool. From Maximus 

 he received a fecret initiation into the myileries of the fciencs 

 of theurgy. From his abandoning the principles in which 

 he had been educated, he has obtained the tale of " The 

 Apoftate." At the fatal cataflrophe of his brollier Gallus, 

 Julian partook of this difgracc, and was kept fome time at 

 the court of Milan, an object of fufpicion. At length hs 

 was allowed to retire to Athens, where he was confirmed \n 

 all his notions ; fo that there probably did not exi(l in the 

 Roman empire a more ardent votary for Paganifm than he. 

 About the year 35,, he was recalled from his flnd'oiis re- 

 treat to court ; was declared Cxfar, and married Helena, 

 the emperor's lifter. He was now employed in military en- 

 terprize, and in a fhort time made feveral expedition.'^, in 

 which he humbled the pride of many kings, and recovered 

 20,coo captives. The rifmg reputation of Julian was re- 

 g;irded with envy and jealoufy by the emperor, who, to 

 prevent him from becoming dangerous, deprived him of the 

 principal part of his army. By'this, Julian was reduced to 

 great dilfrefs : he was, however, determined to fubmit. 

 He accordingly made his foldiers a fpeech from the tribunal, 

 exhorting them to loyalty and obedience ; and gave tlif of- 

 ficers a farewel entertainment. Their relutflanee to quit a 

 commander, to whom they were fo much attached, wa"! 

 augmented by this interview; and in the night, the foldiera 

 cncompaffed llie palace, and fainted Juhan as the emperor. 

 The prince ilrenuoufly rejected the proffered honour; and 

 by fecuring the doors, endeavoured to exclude his perfoit 

 from their tunu.ltuary attachment. Till the third hour of 

 the day he remained inflexible to their prayers, their re- 

 proaches, and menaces ; when being informed, that if h^ 

 wifhed to lire, be mull content to tcigiv he complied will.- 



i.hea- 



