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JuvcFRUK, LUl, another fmall idand on the W. fide of 

 the gulf of Bothnia. N. lat. 6i° i6'. E.long. 17° 9'. 



JUNGHERAH, a fmall ifland in the river Ganges, on 

 which is a feminary of Hindoo mendicants ; 1 2 miles from 

 Boglipour. 



JUNG I A, in Botany, fo named by the younger Linnasits, 

 in memory of Joachim Jungius, a learned German botanill 

 of the 17th centurv. (See Jungius.) Linn. Siipph 58. 

 Schrcb. 589. Wiild. Sp. PI. V. 3. 2391. Mart. Mill. 

 Dia. V. 2. Jufl". 17J.— Clafs and order, Syngenejia Poly- 

 gamia-ffgregata. Nat. Ord. Compofite cap'ilatic, Linn. C'lna- 

 rocephale anomale, JufT. 



Gen. Ch. Cal. Common perianth of many, fomewhat 

 fpreading, hnear, obtnfe, channelled leaves, containing three 

 or four flowers : partial longer, many-flowered, of many, 

 nearly equal, oblong, channelled, obtnfe, ereft leaves. Cor. 

 compound, of uniform, hermaphrodite, equal florets : partial 

 of one petal, fnnnel-fliaped ; the tube dilated upwards ; hmb 

 of two lips ; the outer longeft, revolute, Hnear, toothed at 

 the e.\tremity ; inner deeply divided into two fmall, ereft, 

 acute fegments. Slam. FiLuiients five, very fliort, inferred 

 into the tube of each floret ; anthers united into a cylinder. 

 Pljl. Germen inferior, linear, angular ; llyle thread-fliaped ; 

 ftigmas two, revolute, obtufe. Perlc. none, except the un- 

 altered calyx. Seeds folitary, angular. Doiun long, feflile, . 

 feathery. Recept. clothed with fcales, refembling the leaves 

 of the calyx. 



Eir. Ch. Receptacle cliafFy. Common perianth containing 

 three flowers. Florets tubular, two-lipped ; the outer lip 

 lignlate ; inner deeply divided. 



1 J. ferniginea. Linn. Suppl. 390. Gathered by Mutis, 

 or fome of his pupils, in New Granada. A tree or Jhriib, 

 whofe branches are round, clothed with foft down, of a ruily 

 hue, at leafl; in the dried fpecimen. Zfsw.r alteinate, re- 

 mote, ftalked, flat, rounded, bluntly five-lobed ; heart-fliaped 

 at the bafe ; hairy on both fides ; lighter coloured beneath. 

 The only leaf we have feen is two inches in diameter, but 

 there is reafon to think the lower ones may be much larger. 

 jFoolJIalhs downy and rufly. Pan'ule terminal, large, re- 

 peated y branched with downy ftalks. Flowers in roundilh 

 cluftcred heads, plorets purple, encompaffed with the long 

 white down of the feed. 



This plant is known in Europe by the fingle fpecimen 

 in the Linnasan herbarium only, nor has any figure of it ap- 

 peared. 



JUNGILE, in Geography, a town of Hindooftan, in 

 "Bena'-es ; 20 miles S. of Bidzigur. 



JUNGIPOUR, a town of Hmdooftan,in Bengal, where 

 the Eafl; India Company have a fa£lory for raw filk ; 20 

 .iri'es N. of Moorihedabad. 



JUNGIUS, JoAtiiiM, in Biography, an eminent mathe- 

 matician, phyficiauj and botanill, the fon of a fchoolmafter at 

 Lubec, in Germany, was born on the 2 1 ft of Oftober 1587. 

 J-Iis mother was daughter to a clergyman of the cathedral 

 church at Lubec. Jungius having unfortunately been de- 

 prived of his father very early in life (for he was itabbed 

 one evening upon his return home from a convivial party), 

 and being left with a flender patrimony, was obliged to de- 

 pend almoft entirely upon his own exertions for whatever 

 knowledge and information he was anxious to acquire, the 

 narrownefs of his circumftances not enabling him to pafs 

 through the ufual routine of a learned and philofophical 

 educ.ition. Notwithftanding this obllaele, we are informed 

 that, in his youth, he became a very fubtle logician, and in- 

 genious difputant. By a clofe attention to fuch ftudies he 

 prepared his mind for that clearnefs of inveftigation and 

 accuracy of judgment, which were fo eminently confpicuous 



J U N 



in the works which he pubhflied at a more advanced period 

 of his life. Selefting the ftudy of medicine as a profefiion, 

 he travelled, at the age of 30, over a great part of Italy, and 

 vifited many of the principal places in Germany. His great 

 objeft in travelling was to become acquainted with fome of 

 the moll dift;inguiihed phyficians of that time, from whofe 

 company and converfation he hoped to derive much amufe- 

 ment and inftrudtion. He had previoufly graduated at the 

 univerfity of Gielfen A. D. 1607, at which time he war. 

 ranked firft among his competitors in the hil of honours, and 

 he remained there a few years in the capacity of mathemati- 

 cal tutor. In 1624 he married Catharine, the daughter of 

 Valentine HafFeman, a refpeftable citizen of Roftock, in 

 Lower Germany, by whom he had no ilTue. She died in 

 i6?8, from which period he remained a widower. He had 

 been chofen profciTor of phyfic at Helmftadt in 1625, which 

 had led him to remove from Roilock ; but, on account of 

 the Danifli war, he was obhged, foon after his appointment, 

 to fly to Brunfwick, where he refided for a fdort time, and 

 pradtifed as a phylician. However, he foon returned to 

 Helmftadt, till, in 1629, he was appointed reftor of the fchool 

 at Hamburgh. 



Jungius feems to have eminently diftinguifhed himfelf in 

 the ieveral ftudies of theology, medicine, mathematics, meta- 

 phyfics, and botany, upon all which purfuits his opinions 

 and obfervations are handed down to us in his writings, 

 though the molt famous part of his work, entitled " Doxo- 

 fcopis PhyCc:e Minores," is upon the latl mentioned fub- 

 jecl, botany. This book was firft printed at ?Iamburgh, 

 in 4to. A.D. 1662, and again, in 1679, under the care of 

 Martin Fogel, with this additional title, " Prascipuarum 

 opir.ionum phyficarum." A copy of the former edition of 

 this work is in the Linnoean library, having been prefented 

 to Linnseus by his pupil, pro.feflbr P. D. Gifcke, of Ham- 

 burgh. The botanical part of it, included in the third 

 feCtion of the fecond part, occupies about too pages. Here 

 are to be found many judicious and acute rules tor making 

 diftiniil fpecies of plants, as well as fome curious remarks 

 upon genera. ProfefTor Jungius was alfo the firft author 

 who contended that trees cannot with prepricty be Icparated 

 from other plants with refpeft to their claflilication, thougii 

 the honour of having firft ilarted this idea is often bettowed 

 upon Rivinus, for till this time trees had been regarded as 

 a fuperior kind of productions in the vegetable kingdom. 

 Jungius preferred the difcriminative marks afforded by thr 

 herbage m general, viz. the leaves, ftalks, and flower-cups of 

 plants to thofe which are taken from colour, talle, or fme!!. 

 He was a great critic in botanical nomenclature ; and coii- 

 ilrufted a variety of terms which agree with thofe of Lin- 

 nsus. Many fpecies of plants were judicioufly feparated 

 and determined by him, which had before been entirely mif- 

 placed or confufedly arranged. He moreover detedlcd the 

 feed of certain plants which, till his time, were fuppofed to 

 have been deftitute of feed, efpecially in the genus Sal'tx. 

 His remarks upon botanical difcrimination have been of 

 confiderable advantage to i'ucceeding botaniils, and many of 

 his definitions are repeatedly made ufe of by our immortal 

 countryman, Ray. What further teft of his abilities is re- 

 quifite ? It has been faid, with a viev*' to detract from the 

 fame of Linnseus, that the works of our author furnifhed 

 him with many hints which he never ackno;' Icdged ; but 

 this is fcarcely poflible, for though their ideas accord in 

 many points, yet there is reafon to believe that Linnseus 

 never faw the writings of Jungius till long after his own were 

 publifhed. 



Much credit is due to the fubjedl of our memoir for having 

 been the firft who projeded and raifed a literary fociety in 



Germany, 



