J U N 



Juno, which we derive from the writings of Homer and 

 Virgil, is that of an i;Tiperious and haughty wife. Thcfe 

 poets oftenerreprefcnt her fcolding at Jupiter, than carcfling 

 him. Neverthelcfs, (he was anciently confidered as the great 

 patronefs of marriage and a wedded life. Under this cha- 

 rafter (he had the name of Ju^a and Pronuba, (Virgil, 

 JEn. 4.) and had an altar in the (Ireet called Jugara. Wlien 

 fhe prefided ov^;r women in childbed, and was confounded 

 with Diana, (he obtained the name of Lucina, and was re- 

 prc'entcd as a matron, holding a cup in her right hand, and 

 a fpearin her left, with this infcription, " Junoni Lucina;." 

 Sometimes {lie was reprefented fitting on a chair, holding 

 in her left hand a child in fwaddling cloches, and in the right a 

 ilower refembling a lily; and alfo a whip and a fceptrc, the 

 wli'.p lignifyiug a happy delivery. Juno, under the charac- 

 ter of prefiding over the air, is reprefented in a light car, 

 drawn by peacocks, and attended by the Aurs, or nymphs of 

 the ai»-. 



Of all the divinities of the Pagan world, there was not one 

 whole ivor.Oiip was more fo'emn and more general than that of 

 Juno. It was not confined to Europp alone, but found its way 

 into Afia, efpeciilly into Syria; and alfo into Egypt, and 

 other parts of Africa. Greece and Italy abounded with tem- 

 ples, chapels, or altars dedicated to this goddefs, and in 

 fome places of diitinftion (lie had feveral of thefe. Among the 

 more celebrated towns, tliere were three that paid a more 

 particular wor(hip to Juno than others, 'viz. Argos, Samos, 

 and Carthage. The prieftefTes of Juno of Argos were 

 highly refpected in Greece ; and their prieilhood ferved to 

 dilHngui(h the principal eras of the Grecian hillory. Among 

 the birds, the hawk was appropriated to her, and above all the 

 peacock, which lall was frequently an appendage to her ftatues. 

 According to iE; ian ( De Animal. 1 , the Egyptians confecrated 

 to her the vulture. Dittany and the poppy were the plants 

 which the Greeks offered to her, when they took her for Juno 

 Lucina. Among the animals, the ewc-lanib was peculiarly 

 confecrated to her, and was the moll common victim offered to 

 her in facrifice. It was ufual, liowever, to offer to her a fow 

 on the firll day of cacli month. We may infer the high ve- 

 neration which v,'as paid to Juno, efpecially by the wom.en, 

 from this circumftance, that their guardian deities were called 

 " Junoncs," as thofe of the men were denominated " Ge- 

 nii." Apuleius fums up the honours that were paid to 

 Juno in a comprehcniive manner, by informing us that (he 

 was worfhipped as the " Queen of the Goddeflfes.'' See 

 Jupiter, infra. 



Jb'NO the AfFyrian was called AJlarte, which fee. 



Juno, in yljlroiwmy, the name given to one of the new planets 

 by M. Harding the aftronomer, who difcovered it at Lihen- 

 thal, in Germany, the ill September 1804. Two of thefe fin- 

 gular bodies, Ceres and Pallas, had before been difcovered by 

 Piazzi and others, and the great difficulty with which they 

 Kre formed after they have been enveloped in the fun's rays, 

 fiijjgerted the tadi to Mr. Harding, of conllrufting a fpe- 

 cies of zodiac, to enable alironomers to find thefe two fmall 

 jJasets. In this zodiac he placed not only all the ftars in 

 the catalogues, but alfo all the fmall liars which he himfelf 

 could obferve and place in the probable tract of the planets. 

 Ifwas in executing this laborious undertaking, that he per- 

 ceived a fmall ftar which he thought had not been in the 

 fame place a (hort time before. Three days afterwards it 

 liad evidently changed its place, and advanced towards the 

 call two degrees. A feries of obfervations foon convinced 

 lUm that he had difcovered a third planet of the fame clafs 

 ;ts Ceres and Pallas. 



Its orbit has been calculated by Mr. Ga.ifs and Mr. 

 BurckLardt, as follows : 



I V o 



J, I ft Jan. 1805. 



Mr. Burckhardj, 

 2' 36" !■ 12. 17' 31" 



1 .i9 1 -- 49 ° 

 416 5 - ' 60 

 3 3« '3 5 o 



8i5".959,- 

 i 22 43 45.2 



o 2,-4236 . o 2JC96 



2 06445 2 657 



planet, as feen from the earth, is. 



Seeb 

 Mr. Gaufs. 

 Longitude 1' 12' 



Aphelion 7 23 



Node ^ 5 21 



Inclination ij 



Diurnal motion 

 Annual motion 

 Excentricity 

 Semi-axis Maj. 



The mcjn diameter of 



according to Schrocter, ^"-O^j, but he differs in his opii 



on this fnbjedl from Dr. Herfchel, who ellimatcs it muife 



fmaller, and aflronomers are at prefent unable to decide to j 



which theory they (liould incline. ^- ' 



Under the article Pl.wets we (liall again refume the fub- 

 jeft of thcfe newly difcovered bodies, and attempt to (hew 

 the flrong arguments that may be urged to prove that they are 

 all fragments of a large planet which once circulated between 

 Mars and Jupiter. 



JUNOH, in Geography, a town of Hindooflan, in Bahar; 

 35 miles N E. of Nagnour. 



JUNONES. SeeGEML-s. 



JUNONIA, the name given at Rome to a fedival infli- 

 tnted by the Greeks in honour of Juno, and bv them calkd 

 Her^a; which fee. 



JUNQUERA, L.\, in Geography, a fmall town of 

 Spain, in the province of Catalonia, fituated at the entrance 

 of a plain, v.hich, as Strabo fays, was fertile in flax and 

 fpart, or fea-rulh, whence it acquired tbe name of " Cam- 

 pus Jnncariiis," and the town that of " Juncaria." This 

 town was ellablifhed by a colony of Maffi ian?, and was 

 formerly confiderable ; but is now much reduced. It has a 

 parifli church, but little trade. The environs abound with 

 cork trees ; 30 miles N. of Gerona. 



JUNTA, called alfo Junto, and Jimdo, a council, or 

 company, of feveral perfons, meeting for the difpatch of 

 any buiinefs. 



The term is particularly ufed in the Spanifh and Portu- 

 guefe affairs. On the death of Charles II. king of Spain, 

 the kingdoiTi was governed, during the abfence of Philip 

 V. by a junta. 



In Portugal they have three confiderable juntas : the jun- 

 ta of commerce, that of the three ejlates, and that of tobacco. 

 The firfl was ellabliflied by king John IV.; this is a council 

 of marine. The fame king alfo affembled the flates of his 

 kingdom, to create the tribunal of the junta of the three 

 ellates. King Peter II. created the junta of tobacco in 

 1675 : it conlifls of a prefident and fix counfcllors. 



IVOIRE, in Geography, a towm of France, in the de- 

 partment cf the Leinan ; 13 miles N N.E. of Geneva. 



IVORY, ^Ebur,) the tulks or large conical teeth in the 

 upper jaw of the elephant. This name is alfo fom.etimes impro- 

 perly given to the teeth of the fea-unicorn (Moncdon mono- 

 ceros), the morfe (Trichecus rofmarus,) and tltofe cf the 

 Hippopotamus (fee thefe articles). 



The elephants' tufks from Africa are in general preferred 

 by the dealers in this article; they generally run confiderably 

 larger, but it is a common opinion,, tliat the ivory from 

 Ceylon is lefs liable to turn yellow when cxpofed to the 

 adlion of the atmofphere, whence it is fold at a higher 

 price than the other. By far the greateft part of this 

 merchandize is brought from Africa ; and 3 part of Gni- 

 iiea, which has furniflied the greatell qiumtity of it, has ob- 

 tained the name of the Ivory Coail : the trad of coail from 

 Cape Palmas, to Af ollouia or Trcfpuiita, is more partitu- 



Livly 



