I V o 



The whole coaft, if we except a few capes, from Cr.pe Pal- 

 mas to Cape Apollonia, is fo low and Uraight, that it furnifues 

 no diflinCt hind-marks befidesthe hc-ights and mountains round 

 Drewin. The landing is every where dangerous, on account 

 of the fwelliiig waves and hik'h furfs ; and the negroes, who 

 are acquainted with this fea, are the only people tliat can 

 combat witli the fury of hi winds, tides, and vraves, in their 

 little canoes. From Cape Palmas to Cape Apollonia, thefe 

 -canoes are employed in loading and unloading our fliips, tliat 

 dread coming near the (liore. Every country witliin the 

 limits of thelvory Coaft is fruitful in rice, peafe, beans, 

 goofebcrries, citrons, oranges, and cocoa-nuts, befides fugar- 

 canes. Upon the whole, the Ivory Coaft is reckoned one 

 of the fined divilions of Guinea : the mountains and vallies, 

 filled with villages, which are furrounded with lofty palms 

 and cocoa-trees, prefent a delightful profpeft. The foil of 

 the high land is a reddidi earth, which, with the perpetual 

 verdure of the trees, forms an agreeable mixture of colours. 

 Cotton and indigo are the fpontaneous growth of the pro- 

 vinces of Great Drewin and St. Andrew, which are the rich- 

 eft of the whole. Palm wine and oil are plentiful ; together 

 with a fpecies of fruit, growing on a fort of palm-tree, 

 which the natives call tombo, or bourbon. This the negroes 

 cat with great pleafure, drinking at the fame time a wine, 

 drawn from the fame tree, mixed with water. All forts of 

 tame animals, Iheep, cows, goats, and hogs, are fo numerous, 

 that they are fold almoft. for nothing. The coaft affords 

 great variety and abundance of fiili. As to the people, they 

 are rather above the common fixture, clean-Lrabed and well 

 proportioned ; but their features on the firft glance are hi- 

 ■deous ; yet when the firft imprefiion is removed, Villault 

 and Der Marchais concur in reprefenting them as the moft 

 rational, civilized, and polifhed people in all Guinea. This 

 account, however, is reftrifted to the natives of the Quaqua 

 coal^, that is, from the river Drewin to cape Apollonia ; 

 for as to the others, all authors defcribe them as the moft 

 barbarous, cruel, and lavage of all nations. Drunkenncfs is 

 a crime of fo odious a nature among the moft civilized, that 

 the laws have prohibited it under the fevcreft penalties, and 

 on pain of death. Their diet is coarfe and indelicate. Their 

 teeth are fliarp, as they are in the conftant habit of pointing 

 them, and in general they are crocked and irregular. Long 

 nails and a quantity of hair are deemed very ornamentah 

 They are niueli addiiSed to the chewing of betel, with the 

 'piice of which they moiftcn the neck and chin, under a notion, 

 that it gives a fine varnifli and beautiful luftre to the flcin. 

 Round the fmall of the leg they wear large and heavy rings 

 of iron, to which are appended bells, witli the tingling found 

 of which they are moft delighted ; and the multitude of 

 thefe, as they imagine, conftitute their dignity and grandeur. 

 The common people only wear a piece of cloth round the 

 waift, from a regard to decency ; but pcrfons more opulent 

 cover themfe'ves with a fort of cloak or furplice, with long 

 (leevcs, wliichthey wrap round the ftioulders, and hang down 

 below the knee ; and by their fides they wear hangers or 

 flioit fwords. Some of the women, who do not part with 

 their hair to the men, adorn it witli little plates of pure gold ; 

 and they are fond of coftly trinkets. Their drefs is a cloth, 

 which falls over the fore-part of their bodies, the hinder 

 parts being left naked ; and indeed there are hardly any peo- 

 lile on the whole coaft of Guinea fo primitive and fimple in 

 this particular, as the natives of the Ivory Coaft, and parti- 

 cularly of Quaqua. Their form of faUitation they have in 

 common witli all negroes ; that of laying hold of the fingers, 

 making them crack, and repeating the word " quaqua" 

 feveral times in a low voice. It is a conftant rule among 

 ibem, that the fon follows the profellion of the father, what- 



J U P 



ever it may be. 'In the mechanic arts they are fingtJarly i:^- 

 expcrt ; a common door-lock is reckoned a great curiolity ; 

 a watch excites ftill higher admiration ; and making pajur 

 fpeak, as they exprefs it, is a perfect miracle. Their ivi - 

 .gion, like that of the people on the Gold Coaft, is whi'l n 

 founded in ignorance ar.d fupcrftition. They entertain gr. .*- 

 reverence for their princes and priefts ; and tliey arefiiliv 

 perfuaded, that magic andforcery are powers infeparable fn :a 

 majefty and priefthood. The natives of Quaqua cukiva' ■ 

 feveral branches of trade with afiiduity ; and crowd on b.iai d 

 any fiiips that approach their coaft with all the produce d 

 their country, gold, ivory, provifion, and ilaves. The 1^(.- 

 ropean factors are much amufed with obferving canoes filled 

 with men crowding round them, whilft every mouth utters 

 the fame found, quaqua, quaqua, which feems to be a word 

 by which they exprefs welcome. The negroes of Quaqua, 

 however, are timorous and jealous in their intercourfe and 

 traffic with Europeans. The ufual trade carried on in tliis 

 part of the coaft coufifts of cotton cloths, ivory, gold, and 

 fla.cs. The maritime negroes aCf as brokers to the inland 

 negroes, fell their fluffs for them, and receive fo much^cr cent. 

 by way of con-.mifuon. The Quaqua negroes maniifafture 

 a kind of plant, refenibling hemp, into a ftrong cloth, to 

 which they give beautiful colours, and pleafing flowers and 

 defigns that indicate them to be no bad artifts m their way. 

 They have alfo a coufiderable trade in fait with their inland 

 neighbours, to whom they fell it at a very high price, on ac- 

 count of the diltance and cxpence of carriage. All the 

 countries behind Quaqua furniili large ftore of elephant's 

 teeth, the moft beautiful ivory in tlie world. This is cop- 

 ftantly bought up as foon as it is brought to the coaft by the 

 Englifli, Dutch, French, and fometimes by the Danes and 

 Portuguefe. Villault infers from the quantity of pure gold 

 which the women wear for ornament, that the i;dand country 

 has mines that furnifh virgin native gold. The European 

 commodities which tlie negroes accept moft readily in ex- 

 change for their own, are fuch as arc held in eftimation in other 

 parts of Guinea ; with this diflerence, that here the brace- 

 lets and rings for the legs, either of copper or iron, mult be 

 of an intolerable weight. 



Although the Ivory Coaft be divided into a variety of petty 

 flates or kingdoms, yet they have fcarcely any feparate in- 

 terefts ; for among themfelves war fc'dom happens, and of 

 confequence, the Have trade here has borne but a fmall pro- 

 portion to that traffic on the Gold and Slave Coafts. 



Authors have obferved, that the exomphalus, hernia umbi- 

 licalis, or preternatural tumour of the abdomen at the navel 

 from a rupture, is a diforder extremely con-.mon on the Ivury 

 Coalt ; though they are unable to account for its prevalence. 

 Other deformities are as rare as ihis is common. Mod. An. 

 Hift. vol. xiv. 



JUPARITUBACA, a river of Brazil, which runs into 

 the Atlantic, S.lat. ii'^io'. 



JUPITER, a river of the i.land of Anticofti, which 

 runs into the river St. Lawi-ence, N. lat. 49 25 . W. long. 

 63 42'. 



J'JPITEK. or Jove, in the Heathen Mythology, the fove- 

 reign god of the iieathens ; the fon of Saturn and Rhea ; 

 born in theidand of Crete, at the fame birth with Juno ; he 

 married Juno, expelled his father out of his kingdom, and 

 divided the kingdom of the world with his brethren. Un- 

 der feveral ihapes he is faid to have played many wanton 

 pranks ; fo that, according to poetic fidtion, he filled hea- 

 ven with his natural children. 



The philofophers, as we learn from Cicero's difcourfes on 

 the nature of the gods, took Jupiter only for the more pu.. 

 riiied air, or the ether, and Junu, his wife, for the gruffer 



