J u s 



liifpid. Flowci-f! fonr-clcft — Native of Guinea. Sim 

 ereft, braiicliev.1, fmooth, Ihiatcd, round, clothed witli feat- 

 tered hairs at the top. Leaves two inches or more in 

 length, blunti(h, feflile, alternate, fcarcely veiny, rough with 

 minute, rigid, upright hairs. Flowers feflile, axillary. Ger- 

 men hifpid. 



12. J. linifoUa. Vahl. Eelog. v. 1. },2. Willd. n. 4. 

 Leaves and calyx-leaves linear-lanceolate, fmooth. Flower:; 

 feflile, fonr-cleft. — Native of South America. Stem her- 

 baceous, creft, llender, fmooth, branched, angular. Leases 

 Dearly feflile, fcarcely an inch long, narrow, tapering at 

 each end. Floivers axillary. Leaves of the calyx four, 

 lanceolate, tapering, about one-fourth of an inch long. Cap- 

 fule an inch long, fk-nder, round and fmooth. Vahl. S. 



JUST, the meafurcd can or cup out of which the monks 

 ufed to drink tlieir liquor. It appears from the Monalli- 

 Con, that the monks of Evefliam Abbey were allowed two 

 jiills of beer every day ; and we are informed by William of 

 'Malmfciiry, thar thofe of Glallonbury, ubout the time of the 

 Conquellj-had their jufts filled with hydromel or mead on 

 great feftival days. 



Just, a fportive kind of combat on horleback ; man againft 

 man, armed with lances. 



The word is by fom.e derived from the French joujle, of 

 the Latin juxta. bccaufe the combatants fought near one 

 another. Salmafius derives it from the modern Greek 

 Zouflrc, or rather t^=-;7. ; which is ufed in this fenfe by 

 Nicephorus Gregoas. Others derive it from jujla, which, 

 in the corrupt age of the Latin tongue, was uied for tliis 

 exercifc, becaufe it was fuppofed a more jult and equal com. 

 bat than the tournament. 



Anciently, julls and tournaments made a part of the en- 

 tertainment at all folemn feails and rejoicings. The Spaniards 

 borrowed thefe exercifes from the Moors, and called them 

 juego ih cannas, reed or cane-play. Some take them to be 

 tlie fame with ludus Trojamis, anciently praftifed by the youth 

 of Rome. 



The Turks ufe them ftill, and call them hmclng the 

 girid. 



The difference between jufts and tournaments confifts 

 in this, that the latter is the genus, of which the former is 

 only a fpecies. Tournaments included all kinds of military 

 fports and engagements, which were made out of gallantry 

 and diverfion. Jufts were thofe particular combats where 

 the parties were near each other, and engaged with lance and 

 fword ; add, that the tournament was frequently performed 

 Ijy a number of cavaliers, who fought in a body; thejull 

 •was a fingle combat of one man againil another. Though 

 the julls were ufualiy made in tournaments, after a general 

 rencounter of all the cavaliers, yet they were fometimes 

 lingly, and independent of any tournament. 



. He v/ho appeared for the full time at a juft, forfeited his 

 helm, or cafque, unlefs he had forfeited before at a tour- 

 nament. 



J UST Appu't. S ee A p p t'l . 



Just, in Biography, a graceful and pleafing compofer of 

 fljort and eafy progreflive leffons for beginners on the harp- 

 fichord or pianoforte, in Holland, about jo years ago. 

 ■ Just, St., in Geography, a town of France, in the depart- 

 ment of the Oife, and chief place of a canton, in the dillriift 

 of Clermont ; 9 miles N. of Clermont. The place contains 

 and the canton 10,620 inhabitants, on a territory of 

 kiliomctres, in 2 2 communes. — Alfo, a town of 

 , in the department of the Marne ; 10 miles S.S.E. 

 .-.nr.e. — Alfo, a town of France, in the department of 

 ;iron ; 6 miles S.S E. of Sauvtttrrc. ■ 



JUS 



JtST cii Chcvslct, St., a town of France, in the depart- 

 ment of the Loire, and chief place of a canton, in the dillridl 

 of Roannc ; i 2 miles S.W. of Roanne. The place contains 

 2346, and the canton 9149 inhabitants, on a territory of 

 li-jh kiliometrcs, in 8 communes. 



JUSTABAS, a town of South America, in the province 

 of Tucuman ; 45 miles N.W. of St. Fernando. 



JUSTELL, ClIltiiToi'HEK, in Blograpliy, was born at 

 Paris in i j8o. Having laid a good foundation in elementary 

 learning at fchool and at college, he apphed his maturer 

 ftudies to ecclefiaftical l;illory, and became the author of 

 many learned works. He died at the age of 69 in the year 

 1649. His principal pieces are, " Codex Canonum Ec- 

 deiix UniverfE a concilio Calchedonenfi et Juftiniano Imp. 

 Confirmatus Gr. ct Lat. ;" " Codex Canonum Ecclefiafti- 

 corum Dionyfii Exigui," &c. ; " Codex Canonum Ecclefis 

 ^ fricana;, Gr. et Lat. ;" " Bibhotheca Juris Canonici 

 Vcteris ;" " A Genealogical Hiftory of the Houfe of 

 Auvergne," &c. Juftell was fuppofed to be better ac- 

 quainted with the civil hiftory and antiquities of the middle 

 age than any perfon of his time. He kept up a corre- 

 fpondence with moft of the literary charafters of his time, 

 among whom were archbiftiop Ufhcr and fir Henry Spel- 

 man. 



JUSTICE, in a general fenfe, or umverfal juftice, 

 comprehends the wiiole duty of man to God, to his neigh- 

 bour, and to himfelf. In this latitude the term " rightcouf- 

 nefs" often occurs in fcripture. Cicero was not ignorant 

 (De Nat. Deor. 1. i. ^41.) that juftice expreflcs more 

 than the performance of the duties owing to our fellow. 

 creatures; for according to his ftatement, " Eft enim pietas 

 juftitia adverfum Deos," i. e. Piety is juftice towards the 

 gods. 



JusTic T., Jiijlhia, in a more reftrifted fenfe, and confidered 

 as a focial virtue, denotes a conftant dcfire, or inclination, to 

 give every one his due ; or a habit by which the mind is 

 difpofed and determined to give every man his own. Ac- 

 cordingly juftice has a neceifary vefpeCl to the perfons and 

 rights of oiiicrs. As there is a twofold right (fee Right), 

 there is alfo a correfpondent diftindion of juftice. A right 

 is either perfect or imperfecl. A perfd! right is that which 

 perfons have to things properly then- own, the rendering 

 of which is the payment of a debt, rather than the conferring 

 of a favour : a right which human laws, as well as divine, 

 generally allow men to challenge, anu aflift them to recover. 

 I am not obliged to every' one who docs not rob or murder 

 me. Thus a'.fo, the making of a promifc may be free, 

 but the performance of it is not fo. An imperfeei right 

 dctrai-ts nothing from the kindnefs, refpcft, and good will 

 of thofe who give to others what they can only claim by 

 virtue of fuch a right ; but leaves to fuch aftions their full 

 luftre and merit. Notwithftandingany fuch right, men are 

 obliged to their benefactors for doing what they could not 

 have been conftrained to do, ar.d which demonftrate the 

 goodncfs and generofity of their temper ; being an aft of 

 juftice, fo as at the fame' time to have tlie nature of a gift. 

 "The ofiices of civility, gratitude, and charity rell on this 

 foundation. Juftice, grounded on this diftinftion of right, 

 is diftinguidied into jimple aiu\ mix.d ; or, according to Puf- 

 fendorf, uitiv^rfal and partindar ; or, acctrding to Grotius, 

 expletory md attributive. ByjC'H.;/'/.^ juftice, we may underfland 

 juftice in tlie ftrifleft fenfe of liie term, of which Cicero fays 

 (De Oflic. 1. iii. c. 6.), •' Hxc ima virtus omnium eft ddmina 

 et rcgina virtutum ;" /. e. " It is the miftrefs and queen 

 of all the other virtues." By m/.v../ jullice, we may under, 

 ftand that which has other virtues joined witli it, as liumanify, 

 liberalitv, and I'r.e like. Thus Cicero fays (De Ollic-. 1. i. 



4 N 2 .. :. 



