JUS 



ty whicli is a county of itfelf, or town corporate, having 

 leir proper juftices, &c. but in other towns and liberties 

 : may. The power and office of jurtices terminate in fix 

 lonths after the demifc of the crown ( i Ann. cap. 8.), by 

 1 exprefs writ of difcharge under the <rrcat fcal, by writ 

 o[ fuperfcJeas, by a new commiflion, by the acceflion of the 

 office lit (heriff or coroner. 



If the fame jullice, whofe office ceafes on the demife of 

 tlie crown, be put in commiffion by tlie fucceffor, he fhall 

 not be obliged to fue out a new dedlmu!, or to fwear to his 

 qualiiication afrefli (ftat. i Geo. III. c. 13.) ; nor,byrea- 

 fon of any new commiffion, to take the oaths more than once 

 in the fame reign. In c^[e o( a/uj>erfte/eas, the power of the 

 juftices may be revived again by another writ, called a />n>«- 

 ilciiJo. Formerly it was thought, that if a man was named 

 in any commiffion of the peace, and had afterwards a new 

 dignity conferred upon him, that this determined his office ; 

 as he no longer anfwered the defcription of the commiffion ; 

 but now it is provided (Itat. i Edw. VI. c. 7.), that, not- 

 withftanding a new title of dignity, the juftice on whom it is 

 conferred, fhall ftill continue a jullice. For a further account 

 of the duty of juftices, fee Ovakter/^oiis. 



The original of juftices of the peace is referred to the 

 fourth year of Edivard III. They were firft calhd confir- 

 •uators, or -wardens of the peace, elected by the county, upon 

 a writ direfted to the fhcriff ; but the power of appointing 

 them was transferred by ftatutcs from the people to the king; 

 and under this appellation appointed by i Edw. III. cap. 16. 

 Afterwards the ftatute of 34 Edw. III. cap. I. gave them 

 the power of trying felonies, and then they acquired the ap- 

 pellation of juftices. They are appointed by the king's fpe- 

 cial commiffion under the great feal, the form of which was 

 fettled by all the judges, A.D. 1590; this appoints them 

 all, jointly and feverally, to keep the peace, and any two 

 or more of them to inquire and determine felonies, and other 

 mifdemeanor.i ; and the king may appoint as njany as he (hall 

 think fit ill every county in England and Wales, though they 

 are generally made at the difcretion of the lord chancellor, 

 by the king's leave. At firft the number of juftices was 

 not above two or three in a county. ( iS Edw. III. cap. 2.) 

 Then it was provided by ^54 Edw. III. cap i. that one 

 lord, and three or four of the moft worthy men in the county, 

 with feme learned in the 1 iw, ffiould be made juftices in 

 every county. The number, which gradisally increafed 

 through the ambition of private perfons, was afterwards 

 reftrained firft to fix, and then to eight, in every county, by 

 12 Ric. II. cap. 10. and 14 Ric. II. cap. 11. But their 

 number ha.s greatly increafed fince their firft inttitution. 

 As to their quahfi.cations, the ftatutes juft cited dire£t 

 them to be of the beft reputation and moil worthy men in 

 the county; and the ftat. 13 Ric. II. cap. 7. orders them 

 to be of the moft fuffi.cient knights, efquires, and gentlemen 

 of the law ; and by 2 Hen. V. ftat. i. cap. 4. and ftat. 2. 

 cap. I., they muft be refident in their feveral counties. And 

 by 18 Hen. VI. cap. 11. no juftice was to be put in com- 

 miffion, if he had rot lands to the value of lol. per annum. 

 It is nowenafted by j Geo. II. cap. 11. that every juftice, 

 with fome exceptions, ftiall have lOo/. per annmn, clear of 

 all deductions ; of which he muft make oath by 18 Geo. II. 

 cap. 20. And if he afts without fuch qualification, he fiiall 

 forfeit ico/. It is alfo provided by j Geo II. that no 

 praftifing attorney, folicitor, or proctor, fhall be capable of 

 acting as a juftice of the peace. 



JvsTlCE.^ of peace -wit/jin lil/cri'lei, are juftices of the peace 

 who have the fame authority in cities, or other corporate 

 to\vns, as the others have in counties ; and tlieir power is the 

 fame ; only tlA^thefe have the affife of ale and beer, wood 



J u s 



and viftuals, Sec. Juftices of cities and corporations are not 

 within the qualification aft, 5 Geo. II. tap. 18. 

 .TusTici -/2a/. See Justice of the Forejl. 

 JUSTICI A, in Botany, fo named by Houfton, in com- 

 pliment to his countryman James .luftice, efq. F. R. S. a 

 clerk of feffion, faid by Miller to have been a great lover 

 and encc.urager of gardcniiig and botany. He publiftied, in 

 1764, an 8vo. volume, called the Bntifti Gardeners Director, 

 but. if we are not miftaken, he derives more honour from 

 this fine and extenfive gonus, than he confers upon it. — Linn. 

 Gen. 12. Schreb. 17. Wiild. Sp. PI. v. i. 79. Mart. 

 Mill. DiiH. v. 2. Houft. Rel. t. i. Vahl. Enum. v. i. icS. 

 Ait. Hort. Kew. cd. 2. v. i. 35. Brown. Prodr. Nov. 

 Holl. v. I. 475'. JufT. 104. I>amarck. Illuftr. I. 12. 

 Gcertn t. 54. (Adhatoda ; Tourn. Inft. t. 79. Dian- 

 thera; Linn. Gen. 13. Schreb. 17. Mart. ?.lill. Diet. 

 V. 2. Juir. 104. Gxrtn. t. 51) — Clafs and order, D/'an- 

 dria Monogyiiia. Nat. Ord l'crfona'<z, Linn. Acanlh't, 

 Juffi 



Gen. Ch. Cnl Perianth inferior, of one leaf, tubular, in 

 five deep, acute, erect, equal, narrow fcgments. Cor. 

 of one petal, ringent ; tube fwelling ; limb m two very un- 

 equal lips, the ujjper oblong, notched, the lower in three d:- 

 vifions. Stam. Filaments two, awl-ftiaped, hidden beneath 

 the upper lip ; anthers erect, of two cells, which are fome- 

 timcs more or lefs dlftant or unequal. P'tf. Germen fu- 

 perior, turbina'e ; ftvle thread-ftjaped, as long as the fta- 

 rnens, and parallel to them ; ftigma fimple. Perk. Capfule 

 oblong, obtufe, contracted at the bafe, of two cells and two 

 elaftic valves, the partition contrary to, ai;d fixed in the 

 middle of, each valve. Seeds two in each cell, roundifti, 

 each fubtended by a fpinous procofs. 



Eft". Ch. Calyx in five deep equal fegments. Corolla 

 ringent ; its lower lip three cleft. Capfule of two elaftic 

 valves and two cells ; partition from the centre of each 

 valve. Seeds two in each cell, fubtended by fpines. 



The 14th edition of Syft. Veg. contains but 30 fpecies 

 of JujJicia, and feven of D'uwthera, which latter genus, 

 differing only in having the two lobes of its anthers a little 

 diftant from each other, is now, by the agreement of all 

 botaiiifts, Hnited to the former. Vah), in his Eniimeratio, 

 ha,; 14S, including Andrews's /h;:;<Ai, v. 2. 400, Andr. Re- 

 pof. t. 313, but excluding five fpecies feparaled by Valil as 

 a genus by themfelves, called ^/y/rarw. Mr. Brown, who 

 has paid more critical attention to this tribe than any botarift 

 with whom we are acquainted, has feparated from JiiJ/ieia his 

 own Hypoejles (fee that article) ; as well as his Nclfjnia ; 

 keeping dillintt alfo the Linnxan Eranlhcmitm, characterized 

 by having a fidver-ftiaped, nearly equal, corolla, which ap- 

 pears a very fuffieietit cliarafter. He fuggefts that the re- 

 maining fuppofed JtrlicU ought to be further divided, by 

 modifications of charafter taken from their antl'.er<, corollj, 

 capfule, and even inilorefcence. 



We are well aware that the generic characters above given 

 will not apply throughout to all the plants referred to ihif 

 genus by Linnse-.is and his followers, efpecially what concerns 

 tl'.e form or divifions of the corolla. In fome indeed the 

 calyx has but four fegments, inllcad of five, though even 

 that mark, according to Mr. Brown, is not liriftly without- 

 e.\cep;ion. Wilidei;o\v, thougli he includes Dhwtkra, has 

 but S9 JiijUda:. Thofe of this author, and of Vahl, which 

 are defcribed with a double cai)X, chiefly belong to /.'v- 

 pojles. — /. pulchenima, Lum. Suppl. S4. Vahl. n. 26. 

 Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 204; wilh J.feabra, Vahl. n. 27 ; and 

 cri/Jc/a, Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. v. 3. 38. t. 320, Mr. Brown 

 unites into a new genus, jlphelandrj, char;iCtcri/,ed by an un- 

 equal calyx, in five deep legnieiits, and four ftamens, be.ir- 



