J u s 



Etc men, are cited, the day of appearance being come, fif- 

 teen of the givat affife are chofen to be the afTifc upon the 

 pannel, or prifoner at the bar. Tlie alTife fits with the 

 judges to hear the hbel read, witnefics examined, and the de- 

 bates on both fides, which is written verbatim in the adjour- 

 nal books. The king's advocate pleads for the purfuer, 

 being the king's caufe, and other advocates for the panel. 

 The debates being clofed, the judges find the libel or indid- 

 ment either not relevant ; in wbrch cafe they dcfcrt the diet, 

 and aflbil or abfolve the party accufed ; or elfe they find the 

 libel relevant ; in which cafe the aflife or jury of fifteen is 

 removed into a clofe room, none being allowed to be prcfent 

 with them ; where they choofe tlieir own chancellor and 

 clerk, and confidcr the lil .1, depofitions, and debates, and 

 bring in their verdift of the panel fealed, guilty or not 

 guilty. If not guilty, the lords abfolve ; if guilty they con- 

 demn, and order the fentence of condemnation to be pro- 

 nounced againll the criminal by the mouth of the doomfter. 

 It has been ftrenuoufly maintained by fome, and as ftrenuouf- 

 ly controverted by others, that an appeal lies from this 

 court to the houfe of lords. The lords of judiciary like- 

 wife go circuits twice a year, -viz. in May and Oftober, into 

 the country, which is divided into three circuits, the fouth- 

 wclt, ai^d north, where affifes are held, and criminals tried, 

 as mentioned above, 



JUSTICIES, in Lati', a writ directed to the (heriff in 

 fome fpecial cafes, by virtue of which he may hold plea 

 of debt in his county-court for a large funi ; whereas other- 

 wife, by his ordinary power, he is limited to funis under 

 forty fliillings. The free'holders of ihe county are the 

 real judges in this court, and the ftierifF is the minifterial 

 officer. 



JUSTIFIABLE Homicide. See Homicide. 



JUSTIFICATION, ni La■u^, a fpecial pica in bar, which 

 figiiifies a maintaining or (hewing a fufScient reafon in court, 

 \vhy the defendant did what he is called to anfwer. Pleas in 

 juflification mud fct forth fome fpecial matter : thus, on 

 being fued for a trefpafs, a perfon may juftify it by proving 

 that the land is his own freehold ; that he entered a houfe 

 in order to apprehend a felon ; or by virtue of a warrant, to 

 levy a forfeiture, or in order to take a dillrefs ; in an aflault, 

 that he did it out of neceffity ; and, in an aftion of flander, 

 that the plaintiff ie really as bad a man as the defendant faid 

 he was. 



Ju.sTlFIC.\TlON-, or Jiijlifylng, among Letter Founders. 

 See Letter Foi'NDERV. 



Among Printers, it denotes the proper adjuftment of the 

 lines and pages. 



Justification, in Theology, that aft of grace which ren- 

 ders a man juft or righteous ia the fight of God, and places 

 ' him in a ftate of falvation. 



The Romanifts and reformed are extremely divided about 

 the doftrine of juflification ; the latter contending for 

 iuflification by faith alone, and the former by good works. 



In the 1 1 th article of the church of England it is declared 

 that " We are accounted righteous before God, only for 



• the merit of our Lord and Saviour Jcfus Chrift, by faith, 

 &c.'' By the faith, which in feveral pafTages of fcripture 



• is faid to juftify and fave, fays a commentator on the thirty- 

 nine articles ( lee Elem. of Chriftian Theology, by the lord 

 bilhop of Lincoln) we are to underilaud tliat lively " faith 

 which worketh by love;" which purifieth the lieart,and which 

 keepeth the commandments of God : But though by thefe 

 a6is of obedience we demonftrate that we truly and firmly 

 believe the divine authority of Chrill and his doflrines, yet 

 this faith is not fo meritorious in its own nature as to entitle us 

 to the reward of eternal life : it juHifies us only by being the 



Vol. XIX. 



JUS 



condition upon which it has pleafed our Almighty Father to 

 offer u.s falvation. Our juftification is not to be attributed 

 to the inherent efficacy of faith, but to the mercy of God, 

 and merits of Chrift, from which that efficacy is derived. 

 On tiie contrary, the Papifts afTert, that men's inherent 

 rightcoufnefs is the meritorious caufe of their juftj-fitation, 

 and that good works " ad vitam ceternam confequendam vere 

 promereri." (Cave. Trid. de Bon. Op. c. 12.) Some 

 other divines maintain, that as, on the one hand, our fins 

 were imputed to Chrift, fo on the other, we are juftified by 

 the im])utation of Chrift's righteoufnefs to us ; i e. we, 

 though guilty, on complying with the gofpel, are finally 

 treated by God as righteous perfons \i. e. as if we had never 

 offended him at all, or had ourfelves fatisfied the demands of 

 his law for fuch offences), out of regard to wh&t Chrift has 

 done or fuffered, whereas we (hould not othcrwife have been 

 fo treated. Others again, who difapprove both the term im- 

 putation and the fentiment which it implies, reprefent faith 

 in Chrift and the gofpel as the principle or fpring of thofe 

 virtues or of that charaAer wliich renders men fit objeds of 

 mercy, and of thofe promifes of pardon, favour, and eter- 

 nal life, which flow originally from the grace of God, and 

 which are communicated to mankind by the mediation of 

 Jefus Chrift. For the manner in which the doftrines of St. 

 Paul and of St. James, with regard to juftification, are ren- 

 dered confiftent with each other, fee the artiele Faith. 

 Dr. Whitby reprefents faith as confifting merely in an aftent 

 to the gofpel as true ; and fays, that upon declaring that 

 affent, a man was juftified from all paft fins, without. good 

 works ; but that good works were necelfary in order to 

 continue in a juftified ilate. A notion^^hinch rcfembling thi;; 

 has been advaiiccd and largely illuitrated by Dr. Taylor, in 

 his •' Key to the Apoftolical Vvriting.'!," prefixed to his Com- 

 mentary on the epiftle to the Romans", and included in a 

 " Colledion of TraCt.s" publilhed by Dr. Watfon, bifliop 

 of Landaff, for the ufe of fludents in the univerfities, and 

 the younger clergy. (See Faith.) This learned divine 

 endeavours to eftabhtha " double juftification," or falvation, 

 for which, he thinks, we have the cleareft fcriptural evi- 

 dence. The Jiijl, or fundamental juftification, relates to the 

 heathen ftate of us gentile Chriftians, and confifts in the re- 

 miflion of fins, and in our being admitted, upon our faith, 

 into the kingdom and covenant of God ; wiien, with regard 

 to our gentile itate, we were obnoxious to wraih, and de- 

 ferving of condemnation. Tiiis is of " free grace, without 

 works." For how wicked foever any Heathen had been, or 

 now has been, upon profeffion of faith in Chrift, his former 

 wickednefs neither was, nor is, any bar to his admittance into 

 the kingdom of God, nor to anintereft in its privileges and 

 bleffings. Nay further, our prefent common falvation, or 

 juftification, is fo of grace, and reaches lb far, that in cafe 

 any profefled Chriftian has lived dilagrceably to the rules of 

 the gofpel ; yet, upon his repentance and return to God, his 

 interell in the divine grace and the ])ardun of fin itands 

 good, notwithftanding his former evil life. This our author 

 calls the " firft juftification," or falvation, by which we are 

 inveftcd in all the prefent privileges of the gofpel ; and in 

 reference to which we are faid in fcripture to be eletled, adopt- 

 ed, faved, jiijlified, •u.'ajhed,fanl!'ificd, born again, born of Go J, 

 &c. The firftjuflification, however, does not terminate ia 

 itfclf, but is in order to another, which we may call '^fnal 

 juftification,'' or falvation. This relates to, and fuppofes, 

 our Chriftian ftate ; and confifts in our being actually quali- 

 fied for, and being put in pofltfTion of, eternal life, after we 

 have duly improved our Jirjl juftification, or our Chriftian 

 privileges, by patient continuance in well-doing, to the end, 

 under all trials and temptation. By viorls, fays our author, 

 . . 4 excluded 



