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■■^ith a harbour, feven miles in circumference, fafe from winds. 

 N. lat. 2i"4(;'. E. long. ^6' 40'. 



KILGRUND, a fmairifland on tlieE. fide of the gulf 

 •of Bothnia. N. lat. 62^ 5'. E. long. 21° 4'. 



KILI A, or Kn.i.\-NovA, a town of European Turkey, 

 in the province of Beffarabia, at the mouth of tlie Danube, 

 near the Black fea ; 20 miles E.N.E. of Ifmail. N. lat. 

 45 2'?'. E. long. 30" 12'. 



KILIOS, a town of Afiatia Turkey, in Natoha, on the 

 <oaft of the Black fea ; 20 miles W.S.W. of Amafich. 



KILK.A.RE. a town of Hindooftan, in Marawar ; 10 

 miles S.W. of Ramanadporum. 



KILKE ALE, a poll-town of Ireland, in the county of 

 Down, and province of UHter. It is iiluated on the Irilh 

 fea, under the iSIaurne mountains, great part of which are 

 jn the panih of Kilkeale. It is 6: miles N. by E. from 

 DuWin. 



KILKENNY, the name of a county of Ireland, in the 

 •province of Leinller. The furface of it extends from J2 14' 

 to52- j'z' N. lat. and from 6 56' to y 37' W. long from 

 Greenwich. Its greateft length from N. to S. from the 

 .Slewmagy hills to the Suire is 36 Iriih (4,1 Englidi) 

 miles; and its greateil breadth from E. to W. is about 19 

 ■Iriili (24 Enghfh) miles, but in the narrowell part is not 

 above 1 2 miles. The area, according to Dr. Beaufort, is 

 300,3^0 Iridi, equal to 482,464 Englifli I'cres ; but Mr. 

 Tigiie, in his valuable ttatiltical furvey, frcm which this ar- 

 ticle is chiefly e.'itracted, fays, that by a furvey lately made 

 for the ufe of the grand jury, they are ftated at 31^,249 

 Irifh, which are equal to 510,882 Enghfh acres. The po- 

 pulation, as calculated with great care from the hearth returns 

 in 1800, is about 108,000 in 17,212 houfcs. Dr. Beau- 

 fort, however, in 1792, llated the houfes as 17,569, though 

 he did not make the inhabitants exceed 100,000 ; and he 

 obferves that the houfes are much fewer than what might 

 be expedled in a county which has been generally elleemed 

 one of the mofl: populous in Ireland. The latter writer 

 ttates the number of paridies to be 127, of which 121, 

 united in 45 benefices, are in the diocefe of OITory, and the 

 i^maining iix, forming four benefices, in that of LeighUa. 

 The entire number of churches in the county is ouly 31, a 

 very confiderable proportion of the population being Ro- 

 man Catholic. The pofition of a country ihongly aiiecrts 

 the climate. Tliis is agreeably experienced in this county. 

 The declivity from the northern to the fouthcrn boundary 

 is' about 500 feet, which conveys, with fufficient rajaiJity, 

 the water that falls upon the furface ; and the river Nore 

 flowing through the centre, defcends about 13 feet during 

 the run of a mile. Befides this defccnt, which carries oif 

 the water, the furface of the county enjoys a favourable 

 fxpofure to the fou:h-ea(l. There is little cither of bog or 

 mardi to contain llagnant water, and the greater part of the 

 fubdratum is limcdone, brittle fchiftus, or porous argilli:c, 

 and only in a fmallpart, a retentive clay. The vicinity of 

 the ocean tends to render the climate mild, while the clouds, 

 whicli are driven forward by the wellern and fouth-wellern 

 winds, are not arreiled here by higli mouutaius, but pulfing 

 over the low fecondary hills and extended plains of this 

 couiity, arc attraded towards llie lofty and primary ranges 

 of rocks which nle on the north-eall. From thefe circuin- 

 Jlances the crops are earlier in general than m the tillage 

 countries to the nortliward. The quality of the foil is in 

 general excellent. The northern part rather bears the ap- 

 pear.ince of poverty, but bv judicious management, and the 

 prudent appl.cation'of hme and limeftonc gravel, it may be 

 rendered connderabiy productive in co.-n and grafs. The 

 Vux. XIX. 



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fouthern part is more favoured by nature ; and where tiic 

 hiila fubfide into plains or vallies, fertility fmiles in all its 

 native excellence. The Nore exhibits upon its banka tlie 

 moll delightful profpedls and the mod luxuriant fields. It 

 is not difficult to trace the nature of the different minerals 

 in this county. Here is a termination of a chain of granite 

 hills which take their rile in Wicklow. The Hone which 

 ufually joins the granite, appearing to be impofed on it, is 

 filiceous fchillus, and lower down occurs argillaceous flate ; 

 ou the furface of the lower grounds are found large boulders 

 of quartz, fometimcs pure white, fometimes lireakcd witli 

 red, and fometimes enclofing yellow mica. In this granitL- 

 diilricl are alfo found a few beds of inarle and limeftone 

 gravel near the foot of Brandon hill. Many of the lower 

 hills confiil of filiceous breccia, which is eompofed of n 

 filicious cement enveloping rounded pebbles of quartz, 

 which have often a reddilh tinge, and <ire from the fize of 

 a pea to two of three inches diameter. Such a breccia alio 

 forms many liills in the S. of Ireland, as the Galtees and 

 other mountains in Cork and Limerick, and at lead part of 

 Magiliicuddy's rocks in Kerry. This breccia, when of a 

 fine grain, is worked for milldones. In the northern part of 

 the county are excellent quarries for flags, efpecially that of 

 Shankill. The flags railed here are fent to Dublin, Cork, 

 and otlier places, where they chiefly go under the denomi- 

 nation of Carlovv flags, being raifed in the neiglibourliooJ-- 

 of that county, and modly lent through the town of Car- 

 low. The collieries of Cadlccomcr have been worked for 

 about a century, and are yet uuexhauded. The coal found 

 in them, and in other parts of the S. of Ireland, is un-inflam- 

 mable, and is called Stone coal and Kilkenny coal, alid when 

 of inferior quahty, culm. By Mr. Kirwan's analyfis it 

 contains 97.3 per cent, of pure carbon. Mr. Tiglie has 

 given a very full account of the accompanying ilrata, the 

 manner of working, the expence, &c. The late lord Wan- 

 desford ufed to clear 6000/. or 7000/. a-year by thefe col- 

 lieries, and fometimes more. Tlity now belong to lady 

 Ormonde. The excellent qualities of the Kilkenny coal 

 are well known in Ireland ; ou this account it is font to the 

 north and the fouth, to Londonderry, to Belfall, to Cork, 

 and to Watcrford, as well as to Dublin. No fuel dries malt 

 fo well, and this without any preparation ; it is excellent for 

 the forge, and for mod works in iron ; in every n.anufatlure 

 where lltady heat is required devoid of fmoke it cannot be 

 excelled ; nor does it dirty the flues where it is ufed. 

 Manganefe, iron ore, lead ore, and fome indications of 

 copper ore, are perceived iii different parts. As long as 

 timber laded near Cadlecomcr, iron ore was fmelted there ; 

 but it is now above feventy years fince the forges have been 

 ufed. In the limedone didridl of this county aremany va- 

 luable marble quarries. The marble is black, though often 

 with white marks, which appear more drong.y, or increafe by 

 long expofure to the air. That wliich approaches neared to 

 black is mod valued. It contains a great variety ot impreflions, 

 of madrepores, of bivalve, and of turbinate fliells. By 

 analyfis, a fpecimen of the kind moll ufual in chimney- 

 pieces with marks of bivalve dieils, contained 98 per cent. 

 foluble in marine acid, and left 2 per c^nt. of a black pow- 

 der, which appeared to be carbon, and burned without leav- 

 ing any allies. On tiie whole, Kilkenny marble may be 

 confidered as containing 97 per cent, pure carbonate of limi, 

 two per cent, carbon, and 1 per cent, magncfia and iron, of 

 which the former is in the larged proportion. This marble 

 is a valuable article of commerce. The quantity exported, 

 DOtwithdaiiding the difadvantage of land carriage, is about 

 50 tons annuallv j if a canal were made it would copfidei- 

 5 E at!/ 



