L I M E. 



formations of compaift lime-Hone. That called by Werner 

 xhejirjljlctz, Ttms-Jhne is the oideil ; its lowell ftratuin is the 

 bituminous and cupriferous marie flate, or tiie kupjir-fch'.ej'tr- 

 fift^, as it is called by German miners : it extends round a 

 CTreat part of the oldell mountains of Germany, fuch as 

 the Hartz, the Thuringian foreil, Suabia, &c. rells on the 

 old red fand-ftone, and is covered by the oldeft flet/. gypfum, 

 or the variegated fand-flone.' It contains, bclldcs the above 

 copper (late ftrata, feveral ores of copper, cobalt, heavy 

 fpar, S:c. being the produdlions of veins. 



The fecond formation of fletz lime- Hone is calledyJ.-//- 

 Tims-Jlom, on account of its abounding in petrifactions, 

 which, however, are not peculiar to it, nor do tliey confill 

 in (hells only, for the upper llrata contain likewife petrified 

 crabs, vermiculites, fpecies of afterias, &c. (See Shells, 

 peirified, and M.^rble. ) It is widely extended, and appears 

 molb charafteriftic in Franconia, Suabia, and Bavaria. 

 This formation is alfo remarkable, on account of the many 

 caves which occir in it almoft in all parts of the world, and 

 many of them filled with the oUeous remains of land animals. 

 The moft famous of thefe lime-ftone caves are thofe of 

 Muggendorf and Galenreuth in Cayreuth, at Eichitedt in 

 Franconia, the Baumanlliole on the Hartz, thofe of Dal- 

 matia, Carniola, Hungary, Siberia, &c. 



There are fome other fubordinate formations of fletz- 

 lime-ftone ; which, however, require to be more clolely ex- 

 amined before their charafters can be determined with any 

 thing like precillnn. Of fuch apparently diftinft depo- 

 fitions the following are mentioned by profeffor Janieion. 

 I. A fletz lime-ftone, in Poland and_ Silefia, which alternates 

 with beds of lead-glance and calamine. It was formerly 

 called the calamine formation, and Karften confiders it as 

 fubordinate to the firll fletz lime-ftone, but, according to 

 Werner, it belongs to the fecond. 2. -V depofit of lime- 

 ftone between Drefden and MeilTen, particularly near Plauen 

 and in the vicinity of Gbttingen, which was confidered as a 

 third fletz lime-ftone formation, but is now clafled as a mere 

 variety of the fecond fletz lime-ftone : it is generally fandy, 

 or mixed with clay, and is therefore feldom ufed as lime, 

 but principally employed as a building ftone. It often eon- 

 tains petrifactions, fuch as corallites, ammonites. Sec. and 

 fometimes lead-glance is difteminated through it. 3. A 

 lime-ftone formation at Wehrau, in Upper Lufatia, contain- 

 i"g newer petrifaftions, fuch as peftinites, mytilites, S:c. : 

 It alternates with beds of fand-ftone, and the whole refts 

 upon alluvial land. 4. A fletz lime-ftone of a reddifli-brown 

 colour, frequently containing petrifaftions ; it is horizon- 

 frilly ilratiried, and contains beds of a variety of alum flate. 

 Alfo a conchoidal lime-ftone of Greece is mentioned as pro- 

 bably conftituting a particular formation. 



The ufes to which compacl lime-ftone is applied are 

 various ; it is principally employed as a building ilone, and 

 burnt for makir^g lime and mortar; nor is it lefs important 

 to the agriculturift as a manure, to the miner as a flux for 

 the reduction of ores, to the foap-boiler, tanner, &c. 



The iiiie-graincd and variegated varieties of compail lime- 

 ftone, many of which are highly valued, are known by the 

 name of marble ; a term which is more particularly applied 

 to the fine varieties of granular lime-ftone, and alfo given to 

 various mixtures of lime-ftone with other fubftances. See 

 Marble. 



B. Roe-jlone ; Rocigeiiflan,Vilcrn. O-oiform lime-JIone,Y^iTV{ . 

 Oolite, Broch. Chaux carboiuitce globuUforme, Ha'uy. Me- 

 finite, pfammile. See. 



its colour is generally yellowifli-brown, paffing into va- 

 rious deeper ftiades of brov.n, fuch as hair-brown, clove- 

 brown ; it is alfo found fmoke-grey, yellowifti, and reddifli- 

 VoL. XXI. 



grey. The colour of the globules is often different from 

 that of the marley mafs by which they are cemented to- 

 gether. 



It is found maftive. It i"; dull. Frafture fine fplinlcry, a 

 charafler not cafily obfervable, on account of the fmallnefs 

 of the diftin£t concretions. Fragments indeterminately an- 

 gular, blunt-edged. 



It confifts of fpherical, granular, diftinft concretions ; 

 each of which is generally compofed of concentric lamellar 

 concretions, which are either cemented together by a marley 

 fubftance, or connected by limple contact ; the grains vary 

 in fize, and are often fo minute as to be fcarccly diftinguifh- 

 ableby the naked eye ; the largelt are nearly of the llze of 

 a pea, but thele are feldom fcen. In fome. varieties each 

 globule is an aggregate of fever. 1 fmaller globules. 

 It is opaque, feldom tranflucent on the edges. 

 It is foft and fcmi-hard ; brittle ; eafily frangible. Spe- 

 cific gravity 2.456 — 2.494, Ku'w. 



Its chemical charafter is little diiTerent from that of the 

 common corapaft lime-ftone. The variety analyfed by Kir- 

 wan was compofed of 90 parts (jf carbonate of )ime and 

 10 of aluminc, with fome oxyd of iron. 



This fub-fpecies is much lefs frequently met with than 

 common compaft lime ftone. It occurs, however, in con- 

 fiderable quantities at Brunfwic, in Thuringia, particularly 

 in the dittricl of Weimar, in that of Mansfeld, Sangerf- 

 haulen, Klofterroda, &c. in Tyrol ; in Englar.d, at Bath, in 

 Derby ftiire, at Purbeck. 



It occurs chiefly, in more or lefs confiderable beds, in the 

 variegated fand-ftone forrrtition, to which it is fubordinate, 

 and between the ftrata of \v-hich it is generally intcrpofed 

 with great regularity. It contains no pelrifaftions, nor is 

 it metalliferous. 



Roe-fto!ie, being very fubjeft to difintegraticn, is feldom 

 employed for the purpolos of building ; but it is in fome 

 countries ufed as a manure. The more compact varieties take 

 a tolerably good polifli. 



The name of roe-ftone is given to this mineral on account 

 of its clofe refemblance to hlb.-roes ; indeed, the old mine- 

 ralogifts were fo far niifled by the imitative form of this 

 fubftance, that they realK conlidcred it as the petrified roes 

 of fifti. 



The origin of the ftruflure of roe-ftone is not«eafily ex- 

 plained ; fome have confidered it as a conglomerate of rolled 

 pieces of hme-ftone ; others have afligned the fame origin to 

 It as to the pea-ftone ; but Werner confiders it as the refult 

 of cryftallization. 



2. Foliated Ihne-JIune ; BHittnger Lalhjleiii of Werner, who 

 divides this fub-lpecies into two kinds : I. Granular lime- 

 ftone. 2. Calcareous fpar. 



A. Granular lime-Jlarie. Koriiiger iali/lai!,Wern. Foliated 

 and granular lime-Jloiie, Kirw. Pierre calcaire grcnue, Broch. 

 Chaiixcarhonaiie faccardldf, Haiiy. Granular, or J'aline mar- 

 ble, Jlaluary marble, & c . 



Its chief colour is white, often fnow-white, greyifli, yellovr- 

 ifli, and greenifli and reddilli-vvhite ; alfo bluifli, greenifli, a(h 

 and fmoke-grey, and greyiili-black ; from grcenilh-white it 

 paftes into yellowifti and olive -green', and /rom reddifli-white 

 into pearl-grey and .ftcflj-red. Its colours arc moftly uni- 

 form, but it alfo occurs fometimes fpotted, and with llriped 

 and veined delineations ; and on their rifts the mafl^es are 

 now and then marked with dendritic figures. 



It is maflive. Internally it alternates from fliining to 

 glirtening and glimmering ; its luftre being intermediate be- 

 tween pearly and vitreous. 



Fiafture foliated ; ionietimes, on account of the fmall- 

 nefs of the particles, it appears almoft compact and fplin- 



F tery. 



