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thfm carefully bruflied, fo as to wipe away all the dry 

 powdery lime that may adhere to them ; and if the lealt 

 fliower fhould fall, unyeke your horfco immediately, and 

 take them off the field. Witli thefe precautions, they may 

 work among lime for any length of time, without receiving 

 any damage whatever. 



However, in cafe of any accident, by which a horfe or man 

 that is working among lime fliould be fcalded by it, it is 

 always advifable for every farmer who has work of that kind 

 going forward, to keep a tub of very four milk, or whey, 

 in fome place ready to walli the part affeded well with, 

 which will quickly deftroy the poignancy of the lime, and 

 prevent the mifchief that would otheruife arife from it. 

 The fourer the milk or whey is, the better it will be for 

 this purpofe ; it ought, therefore, to be long kept. For 

 want of this, vinegar may produce the fame effeift, or very 

 ftaU urine will be of ufe ; but the milk or whey is the 

 cheapeft and bell remedy, and ought alvrays to be in readi- 

 nefs where hme hufbandry is going on to any extent. 



Lime, in Botany. See Lemon. 



hiyiE-^ mmoniacal, a kind of phofphorus, invented by Mr. 

 Homberg, and made of fal ammoniac and hme. See ^m- 

 pionLical Phosphorus, and Lime, /uj>ra. 



Lime, Bir^. See BiRD-//m:-. 



Lime, BrooL See Brook-/;W. 



Lime, Burning, a term figniiying the procefs of convert- 

 ing lime-ftone, chalk, marble, {hells, a:.d other calcareous 

 fubftances into lime, by means of heat, in kihis properly 

 CQnftruSed for the purpofe. Sje Kiln. 



In thefe cafes, the calcination is effected by different forts 

 oF fuel, in different fituations, but principally by fofTil-coal, 

 peats, or woods ; thefe being laid in layers, alternately 

 with thofe of the calcareous materials, in the ki ns, and 

 the procefs of burning continued for any length of tir.ic, 

 "by repeated applications of fuel and calcareous matters at 

 the top, and drawing out the lime from below occafionally 

 as it is burnt. 



But mineral coal, or culm, are unqaeftionably the mofl 

 convenient and fuitable materials for efl'efting this bufinefs, 

 where they can be procured in plenty, and at a fufficiently 

 cheap rate, as they burn the llone, or other calcareous 

 matter more perfeAly, and, of courfe, leave fewer cores in 

 the calcined pieces than when other forts of fuel are em- 

 ployed for the purpofe. 



However, Mr. Dodgfon has had much fuccefs in burning 

 lime by the ufe of peats ; as he ilates, in the Farmer's Ma- 

 gazine, that he is " convinced, from experience, that lime- 

 ftone can be burnt to better purpofe, and at lefs expence, 

 with peat than with coal. When coal is ufed, the lime- 

 Aones are apt, from exceflive heat, to run into a folid lump, 

 which never happens with peat, as it keeps them in an open 

 flate, and admits the air freely. The procefs of burning, 

 alfo, goes on more flowly with coal. No lime can be drawn 

 for t'AO or three days ; whereas, with peat, it may be drawn 

 within twelve hours after tire is put to the kiln ; and in every 

 fucceeding day nearly double the quantity of what could 

 be produced by the ule of coal. The expence is compara- 

 tively fmall. A mail and a boy will dig as many peats in 

 one day as will burn 60 Carlifle bufhejs of lime, (the Car- 

 lifle bulTiel is equal to three Winchefter ones,) and the ex- 

 pence, including drying, will not exceed four, or, at mort, 

 five Ihillings ; while the coal neceffary for burning the fame 

 quantity of lime would have colt twelve fhilhngs at the pit. 

 The wetnefs of feafons is no argument againft the ufe of 

 peats, as they can be Hacked ne^r the kiln, when half dry, 

 at any time of furomer^ the moifture will be exhaled from 



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them during winter, and they will be in a fit flate for burn- 

 ing in the months of April or May. He lives in the north- 

 eallern diltriifl of Cumberland, where the farmers, in general, 

 burti their own lime ; a:.d though there is coal in ihe im- 

 mediate neighbourhood, he gives a decided prefere. ce to 

 peat, for the reafons above-mentioned." And it is well 

 known, that this kind of fuel has been occafionally ufid in 

 many parts of the kingdom for the fame purpcfe, from a 

 very early period, without any complaint of the want of 

 fuccefs. 



In the praftice here ftated, no particular form of kihi 

 was found neceffary, nor any particular fort of management 

 in the procefs of calcination ; the proportion of peat de- 

 pending upon the nature of the Lme-ltone employed, and 

 other circumftances. 



It has been confidered by Mr. Marihall, that " the manu- 

 fadlure of lime is an art of which tl-.e manajrer of an eftate 

 ought not to be ignorant." And he conceives, that "he 

 ought to have, at lealt, a fufRti n' knov^l dge of its theory, 

 to enable him, when occafion requl es, to fuptrintend or di- 

 reft its prailice. For it feld >m anfwers, uniefs where ma- 

 terials are plentiful and fuel cheap, for every tenant upon an 

 eftate to manufacture his own lime. A full-fi/.ed kiln accu- 

 mulates a (tronger heat, with a given proportion of fuel, than 

 a fmali one of the fame for.-n," whicU is without doubt a 

 great favifg. 



It is fuppofed, that " the chief or fole intention of burning 

 lime- flone for manure, appears to be that of reducing it in the 

 readiefl; and cheapeft manner to an impalpable powder. For 

 experience fufficiently fliews, that quick lime is injurious, 

 rather than beneficial, to vegetation ; and that burnt hme- 

 fjone does not operate as a manure until it has regained the 

 fixed air, of which the fire deprived it. If it could be 

 reduced by mechanic powers to powder of equal finenefs, 

 its eftefl, as manure, would doubtlefsly be the fame as that 

 of dead hme (effete). It is in the perfeft folution which 

 well-burnt lime-ftone has received, by the expulfion of its 

 fixed air in the fire, fo as to have completely loofened 

 its texture, and unbound its every atom, that we are to 

 look for its prompt effect and the fhortnefs of its duration, 

 comparatively with unburnt calcareoi-s fubftances. Hence 

 the main point to be attended to is to expel the whole of 

 the air. For, uniefs this be accomplifhed, the foluticn be- 

 comes imperfeft ; the ftones, inftead of completely diffo'ving 

 into impalpable atoms, break into granules, or flakes ; leav- 

 ing, perhaps, a firm cere in the centre, to encumber, ra- 

 ther than to fertilize, the foil" on whicli they are apphed. 

 " There is, however, an oppofite extreme to be avoided, and 

 with greater care. For an unburnt ftone may be returned 

 to the kiln, but one which, by too intenfe a heat, is vitrified, 

 or changed to a ftate of impure glafs, is not only rendered 

 ufelefs, but has incurred an extraordinary wafte cf fucL 

 Conlequently, ftones that are prone to vitrification ought to 

 be broken down into fmall pieces ; otherwife, the fire is 

 required to be fo intenfe, that the furface becomes vitrified, 

 before the air from the centre can be expelled." And 

 " another fuggeftion, refpefting the proper iize of the ftones 

 to be burnt, may have its ufe. Where fuel is weak, or dear, 

 the materials require to be broken into fmaller fragments, 

 than where aftrong fire can be kept up at a fmail expence ; 

 while, under the latter circumftance, and where the ftone is 

 not prone to vitrification, much of the labour a-.d expence 

 of breaking may be fitved, by uling an extr.i quantity of 

 fuel, and keeping up a ftrong fire in the kiln," or place 

 where it is burned ; the form or conftruciion of which 

 depends partly on the quaUties and value of the mutenalf, 

 and partly on the kinds of fuel that are made ufe of, and 



the 



