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powers of the machinery, and ihe weight of the beater. 

 Others have fugffclUd, that the pounding of hnic-llone 

 may be greatly iacihtated by a very fimple contrivance ; 

 mciclv that of kindling a fire upon the fiirface of the rock, 



or round any qviantitv of the hme-llone after it is quarried, 

 and expofing the (l^w'e to the heat of it for ten or twelve 

 hours. During the heating, a gvcat deal of it flics to 

 pieces, and the rcmaind-.r very readily gives way to the 

 ftroke of the hammer. It is alfo fuppofcd, that confider- 

 able advantage may be derived from a machine of this kind, 

 in reducing burnt lime-It one to a powder, before it is flaked 

 by the aftion of the air or raoilhire, as, in ihat ftate, its ope- 

 ration upon the fubllances it meets wiih in the foil is much 

 more confiderablc than after it has abforbtd the fixed air ; 

 and when cmplnyod in building, it cements immediately, 

 and may be ufed with fuperior advantage in the conflruttion 

 of aqueduAs, harbours, and other fituations expofed much 

 to water, and where halty dryiiig is of importance. 



It may be noticed, that the expcnce of fuch a machine 

 will varv according to circumllances, but it cannot be jreat, 

 and in many places it may be addtd to thredv.ng a^ d corn 

 mills, and the expcnce be 'greatly KfTered in that way. 



It is obvious, that the analyfia of liir.c-tlone may be 

 efTofted in the fame way as thofe of other calcareous ma- 

 terials, except that where the Hone is of a hard and firm 

 texture, it (hould be reduced into a Hate of powder, in order 

 to expedite its folution. Where the lim.e-ftcne fubjeded to 

 analvfis does not yield more than two-thirds of its weight 

 of pure chalk, it can feldom be burnt with profit ; unlefs 

 in a county where fuel is cheap and lime is dear. Good 

 lime-ftone yields upwards of ninety per cent. That of par- 

 ticular quarries is almoll vihoUy calcareous, as has been al- 

 ready feen. 



hlMK-J!oue Gravel, a hard fort of calcareous marie, 

 that allir.nes the appearance of I'mall Hones or gravel, 

 which, when fpread upon the ground and mixed with 

 it, gradually falls into fmaller pieces, and fertilizes the 

 foil in proportion as it breaks down and mixes with it. _ It 

 is a fort of manure little known in Britain, although it is 

 common in many parts of Ireland. 



But after what has been already obferved, little need be 

 faid as to the qualities or mode of applying this manure. 

 Tiie farmer will eafily be able to perceive, that if the pieces 

 of which this gravel confills are large, and di'Tolve but 

 flowly, the quantity at.-plied at one (!reffi:ig ought to be 

 great, and the eftedis will be flow ;:r.d lallinjj; but if the 

 gravel be fmall, it will require a fnr.iller quantity, wli;ch 

 will operate more quickly, and laft fcr a ftiortcr time, like 

 all other calcareous fubllances in the fame circumftances, or 

 which are applied in the fame manner to lands. 

 L.iME-J!oiK, in I^tineralogy. See Lime. 

 'LiyiE-Jonc, Ai ai^r.g'ian. See DoLOMiTc and Rhomb- 

 spar. 



LmE-Jone, Quarlzy. See KosiT. 

 l^lMCjIoTie Fetid. See SwiS .JJone. 

 hiME-Jloite, Eccaitrk. Sec Arkagonite. 

 LlME-Wii/tr. liquor calc'ii, aqua calcis, aqua calc'is Jlmptex, 

 in t!ie JVJatc/ta Medico, is prepared by pouring twelve lunts of 

 boiling dilliUed water on haf a pound of iime, and ftirring 

 them togeiher : let the vcflel be immediately covered, and 

 left to Ihmd for. three hours ; then ktep the folutioii upon 

 the remaining lime in (topped g!afs bottles, and pour off the 

 clear liquor when it is wanted for ufe. Lime is foluble in 

 about 450 times its weight of water, »'r Imle ir.ore than one 

 grain in cue fluid-ouncr, forming a tranfparcnt fohition ; hence 

 the proportion here dirt-ftcd, is in f.ifl more than is it quired 

 for the faturation oi the water j but the larger quantity 



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allows, moreover, for any impurity contained in the lime, 

 and as it is a cheap article, the quantity ufed is fcarccly of 

 any importance. The i)rocefs here adopted is fimple, effica- 

 cious, and convenient, and by keeping the fohition (landing . 

 upon the lime it will always be faturatcd ; and the place of 

 any crull of carbonate of liine whicli forms upon the fur- 

 face, if expofed, will be fnpplicd from the lime, which re- 

 mains in a ftate read*- for lolution. I.,ond. Pharm. i8og. 



The general opinion of lime acling as a caiiUic, and con- 

 fuming the 'bodies it was made to a£t upon, by means 1 f the 

 great quantllv of particles of fire it contained, Icmg denied 

 any preparation of it a place among ir.teriiat medicines ; at 

 length, water poured upon it was found to take in a part of 

 its virtues, and to be a valuable medicine, and very fafely to 

 be given infernall-/ in large quantities. 



i'or this purp':fej a gallon and a half, or two gallons of 

 water, were ponrcd by degrees upon a pound of frelh-burnt 

 quick-lime ; the vcflel fliaken when the ebullition ceafed, 

 and then fet by, till the undidblved hme had fe:t!cd ; after 

 which, the liquor was poured oft, and paffed through a 

 filtre. Only a Imall portion of the lime is difi'olved by the 

 water, and the remainder gives a (Irong impregnation to large 

 quantities of frefli water, though not (o (Irong as the firlt ; 

 great part remaining at la(l undifTolvcd : this rcfiduum, cal- 

 cined again, becomes quick lime, as before ; and by repe- 

 titions of this procefs, nearly the whole may be difiolvcd. 

 The fohition has a flrong (typtic t:\lle ; and its eficdts in 

 chemical mixtures are fimilar to thole produced by quick- 

 linie. In vefTels quite filled with lime-water, and exadlly 

 clofedj it may be kept unchan:;ed for many months; but in 

 open veflels, the calcareous matter foon feparatcs from the 

 aqueous fluid, and forms a crull or cream upon the furface, 

 iiifipid and inditfoluhle as the earth in its natural (late, and 

 again convertible into quick- lime by repeated calcination. 

 It is obferved, that the quantity of calcareous matter that 

 is thus feparated from hme-vatcr, is even greater than it 

 ought to be, if it was exactly proportioned to the evapora- 

 tion of the water ; the cau(e of which is, that the quick- 

 lime grai'it-ally recovers from the air as much gas as is 

 neceffary to deprive it of its properties of qun k-limc, and 

 to relfore it to its fta'.e of fimple. calcareous earth, mild, 

 cfFervefcing, and unlbhible in water. Hci ce lime-water 

 by long cxpofure to air, lofcs much of its ftrength, and at 

 lall becomes almotl fhfipid It is neceflary alio, when this 

 liquor is employed as a menflruum, to add fome quick-lime 

 in lubltance, in order to continue the impregnation of the 

 water with the lime. 



A 11 lime is not equally good for the making of tliis water ; 

 but the feveral kinds differ, according to the lubdances they 

 are made from. In Holland they make lime of fca-fhelk, 

 which they find in vafl: abundance on their fea-fhores. This 

 was alfo a praftice in the time of Diofcorides ; bur the lime 

 thus made, it h.ns been faid, is not fit for making lime- 

 water. The water made from it does not keep long, and 

 is lefs ftyptic, and fv.eetilh to tlie talle, and is greatly in- 

 ferior to the water m;c!e with lime burnt from ftoiics. The 

 newer the lime is, tlie lefs it has been expofed to the air, 

 and the drier it has been kept, and finally, .the more it has 

 held. together withoi-t crumbling, or mouldering to powder, 

 the better it is for making hme-water. Mem. Acad. Par. 

 1 700. 



It appears now, from the ingenious Dr. Alflon's experi- 

 ments, that one part of quick-lirre is fufficieut for five or 

 fix hundred parts of water. Water will dlfTolve but a cer- 

 tain portion of quick-lime ; and how much that is cannot be 

 eafily afcertamed So far feem.s certain from Dr. Allton's 

 experiments, that out* pound of quick-lime is lufTicient for 



making 



