L I Q^ 



a ftate of lolidity in which the poles of the particles arc 

 deranged. 



The want of fluidity in liquids may .depend upon two 

 caufes. In the liquids which <irc homogeneous, the fluidity 

 will be more or lefs perfedt, according to the temperature 

 by which the attraction of cohcfion becomes greater ov lefs. 

 In fluids which are liable to change in their properties by 

 cxpofure to the air, the want of fluidity ariles from a'fub- 

 ilancc being formed which is lefs fluid. This is the cafe 

 with oils, botii the fixed and volatile : fuch fluids are faid 

 to be tenacious. That the particles of liquids have ftill con- 

 fiderable attraiflion for each other, is apparent from a fluid 

 affuming the form of drops. The drops wilt be more or 

 lets fpherical according to the fluidity, and tlic fizc of the 

 globules will be inverfcly as tke dcnfity of the fluid. Hence 

 we fee the drops of fulphuric acid fmallcr than tliofe ot 

 water, and the di-ops of mercury fl;ill fmaller. 



That the attraftion of the particles of liquids becomes lefs 

 according to temperature, is obvious from the law of their 

 e.xpanfion. It is found that the increments of expanfiou 

 arc greater than the increments of heat. Mr. Dalton is 

 of opinion, that the expanfion of liquids is as the fquare of 

 the temperature, and has propofcd a new divihon of the 

 thcrmometrical fcale agreeably to this law. The fame law 

 that obtain^ in liquids which are fufceptible of cryftal- 

 lization, will not probably hold good in bther fluids, in 

 which there does not appear to be any quick, tranhtion from 

 folidity to hquidity. In order that the expanfiou may be in 

 the duplicate ratio of the temperature, it would be neceflfary 

 that the aitraftion fliould diminifli in an equal degree with 

 the incieafe of caloric. If the caloric, at the different 

 points of ti.tie, be i, 2, 3, &c. the attratlions at the cor- 

 refpop.ding points (hould be i, i, {, Sac. fo that being in- 

 verted and multiplifd into the increments of heat, they will 

 make the increments of expanfion a feries of fquares. The 

 fame law, according to Dalton, does not obtain in the ex- 

 panflons of folids and elaitic fluids. A feries of experiments, 

 which would fettle finally the relations between the incre- 

 ments of expanfion and temperature, in different bodies, 

 would be of great importance. 



LIQUOR. See Drink, Fujib, &c. 

 Liquor Amnii, in Mldtuifery, a clear pellucid fluid, or 

 lymph, contained in the amnios, or inner membrane of the 

 bag invefting the foetus while in the uterus. The quantity 

 varies very much in different women, or in the fame woman 

 in different pregnancies. In fome women, when at their 

 full term of gcftation, there is not more of this fluid than 

 three or four ounces, more commonly there are eight, ten, 

 or twelve ounces ; and in fome rare cafes, in women of n 

 leucophiegrtiatic difpofitionjmanifefted by oedeniatous fwell- 

 ings of the legs, thighs, and labia pudendae, two or three 

 pints have been found Its ufe appears to be to prevent 

 the fridlion of, the child againll the amnios, or of the limbs 

 of the child againlt each other, or againfl; its body, which 

 might occafion an ^brafion of the cuticle, and an unnatural 

 coalefcence of the parts. Its purpofes, therefore, are the 

 fame as thofe of the fluid found in the pericardium, and 

 in all the cavities of the body in which any of the vifcera 

 are contained. It was thought to ferve the further purpofe 

 of affording aliment to the foetus ; but as children born 

 without heads are found to be in other refpecls as perfeft, 

 as lively, ftrong, and plump as thofe with heads, it is 

 evidently not neceffary, at lead for that purpofe. See 

 Conception, and Embryo. 



Liquors, Fermented. See Fermentxd Liquors. 

 Liquor, Tejl, among dealers in brandy. See Spirit, and 

 "Jz^T-liquors. 



L I (^ 



Liquor yllum'm'u Compofitus, in the Materia Medica. See 

 Aqua Alununh Compofila. 



hlCiVOR AmmonU, ov Aqua Ammonlce Pure, P. L. 1787. 

 See Ammoniacal Preparations. 



Liquor Ammsnin Acetatis, Aqua Ammonite Acdata, P, L. 

 1787, is prepared by addi.ig four pints of the acetic acid to 

 two ounces of carbonate of ammonia, until bubbles of gas 

 no longer arife, and then mixing. If the acid predominate, 

 the folution is more grateful to the tafte, and if the acid be 

 corre£tly prepared, the proportions above ilated will be 

 fufliicient ; but where the ftrength of the acid cannot be de- 

 pended upon, it will be rit^ht to regulate ihcm by the ceffation 

 ol eflervefcenco rather than by quantity. 



Lkjuor //mmo«i<f Carbonalis, Aqua Ammonij:, P. L. 17B7. 

 Spirilus Salts Ammoniaci, P. L 1745, ''' formed by diffolving 

 eight ounces > t carbonate of ammonia in a pint of dillilled 

 water, and filtering the folution through paper. See A.M- 

 MONIACAJ. Preparations. 



Liquor Arjenicalis, or Arfenical Solution of Fowler, l^c. 

 See .'\r.senic. 



Liquor Calcis. See LiME-wu/fr. 



LiQUOU Cupri Ammoniati, Aqua Sapphirina, P. L. 1745. 

 See Copper. 



Liquor Ferri Alkalini. See Iron, in the Materia 

 Medica. 



Liquor of Flints. See Flints. 



Liquor Hydrargyri Oxymuriatis is prepared by diffolving 

 eight gra ns of the oxymuriate of mercury in fifteen fluid- 

 ounces of diftiUed water, and then adding a fluid-ounce of 

 reftified fpirit. This folution is directed for the purpofe of 

 facilitating the adminillration of divifions of the grain of 

 this aftive medicine. Each fluidrachra contains y^th of a 

 grain of the fait. The fpirit, though it aifills, is not abfo- 

 lutely neceffary to the folution of this quantity, but it pre- 

 ferves it afterwards, and prevents the vegetAtion of mucor, 

 to which all faline folutions are liable. 



Liquor Mineralis Anodynus, the same given by Hoffman 

 to a liquor of his own invention, famous at this time in Ger- 

 many, and fuppofed by Burggrave to be made in this 

 manner : take oil of vitriol and Indian nitre, of each four 

 ounces ; diftil the fpirit gradually from this by a retort ; 

 pour two ounces of this fpirit cautioufly and fucceffivcly into 

 fifteen ounces of fpirit of wine highly rec-tified ; diftil this, and 

 there comes over a very fragrant Ipirit. This is to be again 

 diftiUed, to render it perfedly pure, adding firll to it a fmall 

 quantity of oil of cloves, and u quantity of water, equal to 

 that of the fpirit ; after this, as foon as the watery vapours 

 begin to arife, the whole procefs is to be flopped, and the 

 fpirit kept alone in a bottle well flopped. This has great 

 virtues as an anodyne, diaphoretic, antifeptic, a:;d car- 

 minative. It is not certain that it is exaftly the fame with 

 Hoffman's, that author having never publiftied his manner of 

 making it ; but it appears the fame to the fmell and tafte, 

 and has the fame virtues. 



M. Macquer fays, that it is a mixture of very reftiiied 

 fpirit of wine, of ether, and of a Httle of the fweet oil of 

 vitriol ; and that it is made by mixing an ounce of the fpirit 

 of wine, which rifes firft in the dillillation of ether, with as 

 much of the liquor which rifes next, and which contains the 

 ether, and afterwards by diffolving in this mixture twelve 

 drops of the oil which rifes after the ether has paffed. This 

 liquor has precifely the fame virtues with the ether which 

 phyficians now fubftitute for it. See Ether. 



Liquor, Boyle's fuming. See Solphuhet of Ammonia, 

 and Ammonia. 



Liquor Plumbi Acetatis, and LiQUOR Plumbi Acetatis 

 Dilutus. See Lead, E.vtra{t of. % 



LiQUOr. 



