LISBON. 



viewed from beneath it, into majcftic vaults tliat re-echo quently artifan;. The place ufed for bull-fights is a large 

 every found. The whole length of the aqucduft is 2400 feet, quadrangular edifice, furrounded with wooden baluftrades 



In the middle is a covered arch-way of fevcn or eight feet, 

 where the water flows on each fide through a tunnel of ftone. 

 Without this arched way and on each fide is a path, where 

 two perfons can walk abreail, with a parapet. The water 

 enters the town at a place called da Amoreira, when it di- 

 vides into feveral other aquediifts, and fupplies the foun- 

 tains, which, though formed in a bad tafte, are ornamental. 

 Here the gallegos draw water in fmall barrels, and cry it 

 about the itreets. The water is very good, containing a 



and benches. In fummer there are bull-fights almoll every 

 Sunday, and from twelve to fifteen beads are killed in an 

 afternoon : in winter this amufement entirely ceafes. As 

 to the religion of the city. Link fays, that people go to 

 mafs becaufe they have no oiher walk, and that they love 

 the ceremonies of religion as a paftimc, and follow pro- 

 ceihons as they would go to an opera. Lifbon is by no 

 means deftitute of literary inllitutions. The firll and mod 

 important is the Academy of Sciences. (See Academy.) 



portion of oxygenated calcareous earth ; its fources being The Geographical Academy, principally pertaining to the 



in lime-ftone hills. The trees that grow on the N. fide of geography of Portugal, was inftituted in January, 1799. 



Lifbon are chiefly olive and orange trees. The latter are Lifbon has alfo public libraries ; and it has alfo fome mu- 



propagated by feed and afterwards grafted. In December feums, and public hofpitals. 



and January the oranges begin to turn red, and at the end The harbour of Lifbon is fpacions and deep, and by 



of January and in February, before they are ripe and fweet, the Phoenicians, who firil traded hither, was denominated 



they are gathered for exportation. Toward the end of " Olifippo," i. e. the Agreeable bay, whence, as lome have 



March and in April they are very good, but delicate per- 

 fons will not eat them till the beginning of May ; at which 

 time they begin to be perfettly fweet and well-flavoin-ed. 

 One tree frequently bears 1500 oranges, and fometimes 

 2000, and rarely 2500. The climate of Lifison is reck- 

 oned very falubrious. A heat equal to 96' Fahr. is not un- 

 common in Pc.rtugal. The medial heat is generally about 



faid, was formed the appellation of Lifbon. Others have 

 fabuloufly afcribed the foundation of this city to UlyfTes, 

 and hence derived its ancient name UlyfTippo. The entrance 

 of this port is difficult and dangerous, and requires the 

 afTiftance of a pilot. The trade of Lifbon is extenfive ; and 

 many foreign merchants. Catholic and Proteftant, refide here, 

 as it is the grand mart of all commodities brought from 



60 . From Midfummer-day to the rniddle of September Brazil and other colonies belonging to the Portnguefe. 

 ■ "" "~ " ■ N. lat. 38 42'58". W. long. 9 4' 40". 



Operas at the court of Lifbon, before the earthquake in 

 1755, ufed to be the mod fplendid and bed performed in 

 Europe. See Perez, Gizziello, and Gu.^dagni. 



Lifbon and the whole of Portugal keep accounts in rees, 

 or reas, 1000 of which make a milree. The crufado of 

 exchange, or old crufado, is 400 rees, and the new crufado 

 480 rees ; the tedoon 100 ; the vintin, or vintim, 20 rees. 

 Hence it appears that the milree is = 2^ old crufados =; 

 2^', new ditto = 10 tedoons = 50 vintins. 



The coins of Portugal are gold pieces, coined before 

 1722, which are now 20 per cent, higher than their original 

 value ; fo that the old dobras, coined at 20,000 rees, are 



rain is very uncommon ; in November and December heavy 

 rains with frequent dorms occur. Days of perpetual filent 

 rain are very rare ; for in general it comes down in tor- 

 rents. In January cold clear weather often prevails, but 

 becomes milder in February, which is generally a very plea- 

 fant month. The days of fair weather amount to 200 in 

 the year, and thofe of fettled rain feldom exceed 80. In 

 this city grates for fire are almod unknown. Ventilation 

 and coolnefs are chiefly confnlted ; and in winter a warm 

 cloak fupplies the want of a fire. In the vicinity of Lifbon 

 the harvell is in May, and the corn is thrafhed as it is with 

 us ; but in fome parts it is trodden out by horfes or oxen, 

 for which purpofe a floor is made in the fields. The Por- 



tnguefe hve chiefly on meat and fifh, but are not fond of worth 24,000 ; the Lifbonnines, or moidores, coined at 4000 



vegetables. In Lifbon the bread is generally bad. It is rees, are worth 4800, and the halves and quarters are in pro- 



ufually made of wheat flour, fometimes of maize, and never portion ; but there are few of thefe coins in circulation, 



of rye. Potatoes are not cultivated, but imported from The gold coins, ftruck fince 1722, are the dobra =z 12,800 



England and Ireland. Both the rich and poor confume rees, the meia dobra or Joanefe = 6400 rees, the half 



great quantities of bacalhao, of which the Englifh export Joanefe = 3200 rees, the dezefeis tedoon =: 1600, the 



thither to the value of a million and a quarter of dollars, quartinho = 1200, the oito telloon = 800, the old crufado 



The Sardinha, or pilchard, is alfo the food and comfort of 

 the poor. The fruits mod common are oranges and grapes. 

 In the vicinity of Lifbon is a frnall vineyard, that of Car- 

 cavella, or Carcavelos, yielding a peculiar grape, which gives 

 name to the Lifbon wine or to Carcavella ; a wine that is faid 

 to be generally fabricated in London. The badncfs of the 

 police llrikes every foreigner on entering Lifbon. The 

 filth is luffered to lie in heaps in the ftreets, unlefs it fliould 

 be wafhcd away by the rains. The dreets are rendered dill 

 more inconvenient by want of light ; a hod of dogs, without 

 maders, and preying on the pubhc, wander about like hungry 

 wolves ; and, dill worfe than thefe, an army of banditti. 

 The fociety of Lillion is dull and melancholy, efpecially 

 when compared with that of large Spanifh cities. The in- 

 habitants neither walk nor ride for mere amufement ; there 

 is little luxury, nor are there any fine equipages. Many 

 fervants are kept by the iiigher families, but they are poorly 

 clad and ill fed. One of the principal amufements of the 

 rich is the Italian opera, which is fupported by private indi- 

 viduals. The play-houfe is little vifited by perfons of- con- 

 dition ; here no women, perform ; and the players are fre- 



=; 400 (now fcarce), and the new crufado ;;: 480 rees. 

 The filver coins are the new crufado = 480 rees, halves, 

 quarters, and eighths, or pieces of 240, 120, and 60 rees, 

 the tedoons of 100, and halves of ^o, and vintins of 20 rees. 

 The copper pieces are of 10, 5, 3, and l^ rees. 



The gold piece of 6400 rees is worth 3jj. Mel. derling. 

 The old crufado is worth 2/. ^d , and the milree, value in 

 gold, is worth 6']\d. derling. The new lilver cruiado is 

 worth about is. ()d. ilerhng, and the milree, valued in filver, 

 is worth 68^(7. derling. Gold is to filver as 16 to i. 



The commercial weights are the quintal = 4 arrobas, 

 the arroba = .i2lb., the pound or arrate = 2 marks, or 

 16 ounces, the ounce = 8 outavas ; 13^ quintals =: a ton. 

 The pound of Lifbon is = 9552 Dutch afes, or 70845- 

 grains Englifh troy weight ; fo that Sjlb. of Lifbon z=; 

 S4lb. avoirdupoife weight. <• 



The meafure for corn, fait, and other dry commodities, 

 called moyo, is =: i j fanegas ; the fanega =: 4 alquieres 

 = 8 meyos = 16 quartos =32 outavas = 64 mequias. 

 The alquiera meafures 675 French or 817 Englifh cubic 

 inches; fotlratzi alquieres are nearly =; i Englifh quarter. 



