L I T 



8 parte, which is laid on boards to dry, in fquare lumps. 

 The following is given as the exact pcocels for preparing it. 

 (Nicholfon's Journal, 4to. vol. ii.) The lichen is tirft dried, 

 clcaiifed, and piilvcrii'ed, in a null like the oil-mill. The 

 powder is then thrown into a trough, with one-half its 

 weight of pearl-a(h, and moiftened with a little human urine, 

 and allowed to ferment. This fermentation is kept up for 

 fome time, by fucceflivc additions of urine, till the colour 

 of the materials chiuiges firft to red, then fo blue. In this 

 ftate it is mixed with a third its vveight of very good potaih, 

 and fpread upon deep wooden trays till dry. A quantity 

 of chalk is added at lail, apparently for the mere purpofe of 

 increaiing the weight. It is only ufed in miniature paint- 

 ings, and cannot be well depended on, becaufe the Icail ap- 

 proach of acid changes it initantly from blue to red. This 

 property renders the colour a valuable tint to the chemift, 

 in deteftincj the prefence of uncombined acids. Dut when 

 reddened by an acid, the blue is rcllored by an alknli : fo 

 that litmus mav thus become a telt both of acid and of al- 

 kah. The bell litmus is very apt to change and fly. It is- 

 much employed for the purpofe of giving a glofs or iTniih 

 to the more deep and permanent colours, by the dyers of 

 filk, iluffs, and ribbons. Marble foaked with litmus-liquor 

 innbibes it in fome days, and becomes beautifully tinged 

 with a colou.', 'w'luch will remain for a conliderable time un- 

 impairad.. 



LITOTES, AiTOTj;-:, in Rheta-h. See Liptotes. 

 LITOWISCH, in Geography, a town, of Poland, in 

 Volhynia ; 56 miles S.W. of Lucko. 



LITRA, in yhici.'/i! Coinage. See LlBRA. 

 LITRE, or Ciil/ic D.'dmdre, a French meafure of ca- 

 pacity, equal to 60.O2S0.0 Englifh cubic inches, or nearly 

 2 J wine pints. See Measuue. 



LITRON, a rreafure for corn and dry commodities, in 

 the old fvllem of France ; 16 litrons being equal to a boif- 

 feau, each boiiTeau being = 7S0 Englilh cubic inches, 

 and 1 1 boifieaux = 4 Englifh bufhels. 



LITROTOND, in Geography, a town of Afiatic 

 Turkey, on the fouth-w^ell coall of Natoha. N. lat. 36 51'. 

 E. long. 37" 35'. 



LITSCHAU, a town of Auftria; 70 miles N.W. of 

 Vienna. N. lat. 49' 48'. E. long. 14' jj'. 



LITTAU, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz ; 

 S miles N.N.E. of Olmutz. N. lat. 49- 28'. E. long. 

 ]6 59'. ^ 



LITTER, Lectica, a kind of vehicle borne upon 

 fhafts, anciently elteemed the molt eafy and genteel way oF 

 carriage. 



Du Cange derives the woi-d from the barbarous Latin, 

 hder'ia, jlraiu or bedding for beajfs. Others will rather have 

 it come from leSus, bed, there Ijeing ordinarily a quilt and a 

 uillo-.v to a litter ; in tiie fame manner as to a bed. 



Pliny calls the htter the traveller's chamber ; it was much 

 in ufe among the the Romans, among whom it was borne by 

 flsives kept for that purpofe ; as it ftill continues to-be in the 

 Eaft, where it is called a palanquin. 



The Ronian IrSica, made to be borne by four men, waS' 

 called itrraphorum ; that borne by fix, he.vaphorum ; and that 

 borne by eight, oHophorum. 



The invention of litters, according to Cicero, was owing> 

 (o the kings of Bithyni;i : in the time of Tiberius they were 

 beco.TiC viory frequent at Rome, as appears from Seneca;, 

 and even (laves themfelves were borne in them, though never 

 by more than two perfons, whereas men of quality had fix, 

 or eight. 



LlTTf:il, in Agriculture, a name applied to draw, fern, or 

 srthcr dry fubftauccs,. that arc placed under horfes, cattle, 



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&c. in the llables, cow-houfes, farm-yards, or other places- 

 for the purpofe of keeping the animals clean, and the pro- 

 viding a large fupply of manure. In this lalt view, all forts 

 of dry materials ihould be carefully coliefted, and ftacktd. 

 up for winter ufe. And it is of vaft importance, in different 

 views, to have it properly employed in foddering the cattle, 

 as well as in littenng them down in the Hall and yards ; as, 

 without proper economy, much difadvantage may arife to- 

 the farmer in the way of converting it into manure. See. 

 Soii.ixi; and Faum-vakd. 



Merely as litter, wheat-draw is always to be preferred for 

 horfes ; but for cattle and other animals, the other fort of. 

 ilraw, fern, &c. may anfwer equally well. 



LITTERMORE, in Geography, an iHand on the coaft. 

 of the county of Galway, Ireland. It is on the fouth-ealL 

 of Kilkerran bay, and is about four miles long by two wide. 

 N. lat. 53 17 . W. long. 9 40'. 



LIT TLE Algoxqui.v.s, Indians who inhabit near the 

 Three Rivers, and can raife about 100 warriors.. 

 Little Bairam. See Baiha.m. 



Little Britain, a poll-town of America, in Orange 

 county. New York ; 294 miles from Walliington. — Alfo,. 

 a townfliip in Lancaller county, Pennfylvania, containing 

 1365- inhabitants. — Alfo, a tovvniliip in Cheftcr county,, in. 

 the fame ftate. 



Little Capjlan. See Capstan; 



Little Compton, in Geography, a townlhip in Newport 

 county, Rhode ifland, containing 1577 inhabitants, and 

 affording greater quantities of meat, butter, cheefe, ve- 

 getables, &c. than any other town of its fize. The in^ 

 habitants, who are niduftrious, manufadlure lin^n and tow- 

 cloth, flannels, &c. of an excellent quality, and in con- 

 fiderable quantities for fale. 



Little Creeh, a town of America,. in Kent county, 



Delaware, containing 1908 inhabitants Alfo, a town \\\. 



SufTex county, Delaware, containing 2164 inhabitants. 



Little Harbour. See PijjCat.vqua.— Alfo, a bay in 

 the (Iraits of Magellan, on the coall of Patagonia; 5miles 

 N.W. of Bachelor's river. 



Little IJland, or Little Salvador, one of the fmaller 

 Bahama iflands. N. lat. .23 46'. \V. long. 75^ 26'. — Alfo, 

 an ifland in the river Lee, in Ireland, about three miles ia, 

 circumference; 6 miles E of Cork. • 

 Little Alafs. See Mas:;. • 



Little River, in Geography, a beautiful and rapid river 

 of America, in Georgia, which, at its confiuence with Sa- 

 vannah river, in about 50 yards wide. — Alfo, a river whicH 

 partly feparates North and South Carolina. — Alfo, a planta- 

 tion in Keanebeck county, Maine. 



- Little SoJus, a harbour of lake Ontario; ij miles S. 

 of Ofwego. 



LITTLEBOROUGH, a town on the well ccaft of the 

 ifland of Nevis ; 2 miles N. of Charlellown. 



LITTLETON, Ar>A.\j, in Biography, a learned philo- 

 logiil, was born in 1627 at Hales-Owen, in Shropfliire, of 

 which place his father was vicar. He was educated at 

 Weflminiler, under Dr. Bufljy ; and in 1644 was admitted- 

 a fl;udent of Chrill's college, Oxford. He was, on account 

 of his principles, ejefted by the parliamentary vifitors in 

 L64S, and was under the neccfiity of obtaining a. living as 

 ufuer at different fchools. At the relloration, he was ap- 

 pointed fecond mailer of AVefl.min(ier fcliool, king's chap- 

 lain, in ordinary ; and in 1674, having already obtained his ! 

 d<iftor's degree, he was inducted to the redlory of Chelfea.. 

 This preferment was followed by being appointed a pre- 

 bendary of Wcilm.inilcr, and aftei-wards fub-dean. He. 

 died oatlie 30th of Juiie 1694, Icaviag behind liimthe ciia- 



rafter 



