L I T 



L I T 



vvTiat advantage or fatisfaftion can be derived fc the rtfl from 

 the reparation of their brethren, it is difficult to imagir;; : 

 unlefs it wvre a duty to pi;bli(h our fyftem of polemic divi- 

 nity, under the name of making confelfion of our faith every 

 time we worfliip God ; or a fin, to agree in rehgious exer- 

 cifes with thofe from whora we differ in fome religious opi- 

 nions : indeed, where one man thinks it his duty conilantly 

 to worlhip a being whom another cannot, with the afTent of 

 his confcience, permit himfelf to worfhip at all, there feems 

 to be no place for comprehenfion, nor any expedient left 

 but a quiet feceffion. All other differences may be compro- 

 n-.ifed by filence. If fefts and fchifms be an evil, they arc 

 as much to be avsided by one fide as th€ other. If feclaries 

 arc beamed for taking unnecefTary offence, eftabhlhcd 

 churche^lfcre no lefs culpable for unneceffarily giving it : 

 they art^ound at lead to produce a command, or a reafon 

 of equivalent utility, fjr fliuttiiig out any from their commu- 

 nion, by mixing with divine worfliip, doctrines which, 

 whether true or falfe, are unconncfted, in their nature, with 

 devotion. Paley's Principles of Moral and Pohtical Philo- 

 fophy, vol. ii. chap. j. See Ph.vyer. 



Of all the forms which Chrifiianity has taken in difFel-ent 

 parts of the world, of all the fects which refufe communion 

 with regular eftabiifhments, mulic, or rather chanting, has 

 been the language of devotion. It has been farcalbcally 

 afked, whence this impuUe to fr)'a/o« J originated ; was it from 

 the thundering mufic of the fingers of Jofliua round Jericho, 

 the fweet llrains of the harp of David, the pompous and 

 proud clangor and vociferating of the myriads of inuficians 

 at the temple of Solomon, or the pious chant of the canti- 

 <;le which .Tefus Chrill and his apoliles fung at the firlt infti- 

 tutlon of prayer, that we derive our choirs, hymns, pfalnis, 

 and fpiritnal fongs, which in every communion of Chnllians 

 conlhtute, and always have conitiluted, a confidcnible part 

 of the public worfhip regulated by liturgies ? We have no 

 <]oubt but that the primitive Chriftians, when their religion 

 was founded on that of the Jews, (at leafl as far as the be- 

 lief and worlhip of one God,) in oppofition to Paganifmand 

 idolatry, fung the Pfalms of David, which they had adopted, 

 in imitation of the royal pfalmift and his nation. 



But there wa-- no Pagan tem.ple, .or facrilice at an altar, 

 without mufic, and at prefent, even the favages of America 

 iioDour their divinities with finging. Indeed fongs, of 

 which the fubJK-ft and poetry correlpond with the rites and 

 ceremonies of the Pagans, conflituted all their liturgies, to 

 the exaft celebration of which it is well known they were 

 fcrupuloudy attached. It is true that the Chrillian.s differ 

 very much in their mufical tafles. The Quakers have no li- 

 turgy ; they wait till the fpirit moves them to fpeak, and 

 never fing ; they only figh and groan. Calvin ilript mufic 

 of harmony and meafure, and allowed of nothing but uni- 

 fonous and fyllabic finging in tke conventicles, without the 

 afiiftance of that box of ivhiflks, as the Scotch reformers 

 ufcd to llyle the organ. The modern methodifts like 

 light, airv, and familiar mufic fo much better than folemn 

 flrains of f up plication, that they admit ballad and barrel- 

 organ tunes out of the ftreet to be adapted to their hymns. 

 The mufic a cappella.. in the cathedral fervice of the Roman 

 Catholics and Proteilants of the fixteenth and Icventcenth 

 centuries, feems the molt folemn and revereod fpccies of mu- 

 fic with which to addrefs the divinity ; at Icall it is the moft 

 grateful to cultivated cars. In parifh churches, under the 

 guidance of a powerful organ, or a judicious chantor, pfal- 

 niody in parts, provided iome refpedl were paid to accent, 

 and dillinction were madcbetween long and fhort fyllablcs, as 

 in the 104th pfalm and other melodies in triple-time, would 



ceafe to be abfurd and ridiculous to lovers of mufic, and 

 rendered a gratification, inilead of a torture, to cultivated 

 cars. 



LITViNTZOVA, in Giosraphy, a town of Ruflia, in 



the government of Irkutfic ; 36 miles S. of Ilimflc. 



LITUS, in the Materia Medico, the fame ^i linlmatt ; 



which fee. 



LITUUS, among MeJaliJls, the ftaiT or wand twifted 

 round at the top, ufed by the augurs, made in the form of a 

 crozier, and the badge of the augurfhip. 



We frequently fee it on medals, along with other pontifi- 

 cal infiruments. Aulus Gelhus fays, it was bigger in the 

 place where it was crooked than elfewhere. In fome coins 

 of Nero the lituus appears at his bread.; and from badly 

 prefervcd coins has been taken by fome mcdalhc writers for 

 a ferpent. 



LiTVL's, in Natural HiJIory, a name given to a genus of 

 fhells of the clafs of the polythalamii, or thofe which confifl 

 of feveral concamerations or chambers, parted from one 

 another by fiielly diaphragms, and communicating with one 

 another by means of a fiphunculus, which runs through the 

 whole length of the fhell. To this general character of the 

 clafs, it is to be added, that the lituus is always a conic 

 fhell, running in a fi;raight line from the mouth, through a 

 great part of the length, and from the end of this ftraight 

 part to the extremity, twifling into the Ihape of a corna 

 ammonis, or fpiral fhell of that kind. 



It is thus named from its refembling the inflrumeut called 

 lituus among the ancients. The fiiony matter often found 

 caft in this fhell, and refembling all its lineaments, is called by 

 authors litultis, as thofe ftones formed in the peifien, peftinites, 

 and thofe in the echini marini echinitx. See Cokchology. 



LlTUU.s, in Rcrrian /Intiquhy. The Romans had a 

 crooked military mufical inlirument called a lituus, in the 

 form of the augural ftafT, whence it had its name. It was a 

 fpecies of clarion, or octave trumpet, made of metal, ar.d 

 extremely loud and fitrill, ufed for the cavalry, as the ftraight 

 trumpet was for the foot. Horace diftinguillies it from the 

 tuba, or trumpet. 



" Multos caftra juvant, et lituo tuba: 



Permiftus fonitus, Od. i. zi. 



as Claudian does from the flute : 



" Tibia^ro lituis, et pro clangore tubarum 

 Molle lyrae, fuftumque canant." 



On our mufic plates are engraved a double lituus and a 

 ftraight trumpet, from an ancient bas-relief in the Vitalefchi 

 palace at Rome, reprefenting a facrifice : as is a genuine an- 

 cient metalHne lituus, now in the poffeflioH of the right ho- 

 nourable fir Jofeph Banks, K.B. and prefident of the Ro)-al 

 Society. It was found vvitli many other antiquities, both 

 Roman and Anglo-Saxon, in clearing the bed of the river 

 Witham, near Tatterlhall, in Lincolnfhirc, 1761, and is 

 periiaps the only inlirument of the kind that is now extant. 

 It is a long narrow tube, with a fwtUing curve at the end. 

 like the double lituus, but refembling ftill more an in- 

 lirument fculpturcd on the bafe of Trajan's pillar at Rome. 

 It is neatly made of very thin brafs, with three joints or 

 pieces, like German flutes, and has been well gilt. Its 

 length is upwards of four feet, though the upper end has 

 been evidently broken off. 



Aninftrument of this kind, made of caft brafs, was found 



in digging a well, near Battle in Suflex, and was then filled 



■with fmall fliells. We have an engraving of it in Grofe's 



A a 2 Mihtarv 



