^ L 1 V 



L 1 V 



Military Antiquities, vol. ii. A fimilar trumpet is engraved 

 in Montfaiicoii's Roman Antiquities. 



This inCi-umcnt frequently appears on ancient medals as a 

 fymbol «f wai , and-is torraiuatctl with the head of a boar, 

 and fometimes with that of a fnake, as on an ancient family 

 medal of Albinus, (truck during the time of the republic, 

 between the iirll Punic war anJ the reign of Augull'JS. 

 , LITYERSA, the .fong of the reapers, in the /iiic'iml 

 Mufic. Theocritus, Apollodorus, Julius Pollux, Suldas, 

 and others, mention this fon^, and call it Litycrfg, from Ly- 

 tiurfas, .the natural Ion of Midas ; a rude and ferocious 

 prince, wlio oblij^ed llrangers to work with Iiim in the 

 ilelds at harvcll-timc, and thofe who were too feeble and 

 unable to Wv,rk, he put to death. Hercules killed hijn -in 

 the life-time of his fatlier. ■' ' 



Julias Pollux fays that this fonrr was injurnful, und fung 

 round the (hearers, to confole Midas for the death of his 

 foil. 



LITZEND'OiRF, in'Gcograplyy, a town of Bavaria, in 

 the hilhopric of Bamberg ; 6 miles E.N.E of Bamberg. 



LIVADIA, aBrovinceof European Turkey, bounded 

 on the N by Theffaly, on tde E. by the Archipelago, on 

 the S. by the gulf of Lepanto, which fcparates it from the 

 Morea, and the gulf of Egina, and on the W. by the Medi- 

 terranean ; i8o miles long from N AV. to S.E., and about 

 35' miles in its medial breadth. This province comprehends 

 what was properly called Greece (fee G(t.T:ciA Propria) ; 

 and the mountains, fo much celebrated by the ancients, tn'c. 

 Parnaffus, Helicon, and Cythsron. The places that are 

 now moll noted in ir are Lepanto, Livadia, and Athens. 



LiVADiA is alfo a large, populous, commercial town, in 

 the p/ovince of the fame name, fituated near the gulf of 

 Lepanto, and b lilt round a mountain terminating in a peak, 

 and on whicli is a caflle ; 28 miles N. of Corinth. N. lat. 

 38^37'. E. long. 23 54'. 



LIVADOSTA, a town of Livadia, on the E. extremi- 

 ty of the gulf of Lepanto ; 20 miles S.E. of Livadia. 



LIVAROT, a town of France, in the department of the 

 Calvados, and chief place of a canton, in the diilrift rf 

 Lilieux ; 8 miles S.S.W. of Lifieux. The place con- 

 tains 1210, and the- canton 1 1,279 inhabitants, f'" a terri- 

 tory of 195 kiliometces, in 29 communes, 



LIUBIM, a town of RuiTia, in the government of Ja- 

 roflavl ; 40 miles N. E. of Jaroflavl. N. lat. 58' Jj'. 

 E. long. 40° 50'. 



LIUBITCH, a town of RufTia, in the government of 

 Tcliernigov, on the Dnieper; 20 miles W. of Tchernigov. 

 N. lat. 51° 22'. E. long. 26" 44'. 



LIUDER, a town of Sweden, in the province of Sma- 

 land ; 31 miles W. of Calmar. 



LIVE Caye.s, in Mining, a phrafe ufed by many people 

 to exprefs fuch taverns in the earth as have but little com- 

 munication with the external air, and are found to abound 

 with mineral produfticiis. The v.'oikers in the lead-mines 

 on Min.lip-hiiis dilHnguifh the numerous caverns in tho'e 

 places into the Il-x or quid caves, and the dead caves ; the 

 Utter are fuch as adn.it the air into them tvi'o or three ways, 

 and are barren of any thing valuable ; the others have only 

 one palfage, and that hut narrow and winding, and generally 

 lie at great depths. Thefe abound in numerous elegant pro- 

 du61ioas. They alinoft always contain ore in fome form or 

 other, and ufualy abound in elegant fpars. Mr. Beaumont 

 mentions one of thefe in the Philofophical Tranfailions, 

 which lay at thi'tyfive fathom perpendicular depth, 

 in whii h there was found a fme liver-coloured earth, of 

 ihc nature of boie armenic, v/hich' in many places Choot 



up in a wonderful manner in a fort of fpires of the height 

 of three or four inches, formed with ridges and furrow;;, 

 and ufually covered with fp-ar at the top ; fometimes all 

 the way down, to the bed of earth. Phil. Tranf. N^ 129. 

 Ltvii Ever, in Bo!any. See Oupine. 

 LlVf. ill Idlrmjs. See Violei . 



Livii //fi^cr, in Rural Econunn;, fuch as are conftituted 

 of living materials, fuch as white-thorn plants, &c. See 

 Fksci:. 



l^iw.-StocJ:, ill ylgricuhure, is a term wliich (Ignifies all 

 tlial fort of animal Hock which is raifed or kept upon a 

 farm, either for tlu- purpofc of ufe or profit. It compre- 

 hends all forts of (lomellic animals, whether thofe of the 

 cattle, liorfe, and fivine kinds, or thofe of the rabbit and 

 poultry deicriptions. In one of the reports of the Hate of 

 agriculture, drawn up for the board, it is flated flJRt this is 

 a fubjeft wliich " is, perhaps, the nioft important in the 

 whole range of rural economics. The poorell and mo(t 

 backward nations contrive to raifc bread for their confump- 

 tion, equal to the demand ; and to increafe the quantity 

 with the increafe of their mouths. Their wheat, in the moll 

 niik-rable hufbandry, is nearly equal, and much of it fupe- 

 rior, to that of our highly cultivated fields ; and we feel con- 

 Jtantly in our markets the cScR of their competition : but 

 with all that concerns live-ftock tlie cafe is abundantly dif-. 

 ferent ; it is by great exertions only that a people can be welL 

 fupplied, and for want of fuch exertions, many nations are 

 forced to content themfelves with fuch meat as others would 

 not touch. Look at a fample of French and Swifs wheat, 

 no difference is found ; but examine the cows of SwifR-r- 

 land and Lorraine, what a difference ! Compare the mares 

 of Flanders with the ponies of Bretagne, the (heep of 

 England and of Fr-ince : nay, let us come nearer hom.e, and 

 reflect on the wool in competition ; examine the fleeces of 

 Segovia and of Italy, in the fame parallel of latitude."' 

 And it is added liiat, " next to the cultivation of wafte lands 

 (which by the way much depends on the weJl ordering of 

 live-llock), this, it is conceived, is the greatell defidcratum 

 in the agriculture of Britain.". 



And it has been remarked by the author of " Praftical 

 Agriculture,'' that there is fcarcely any brinch cf huibaudry 

 that is of more confequence to the farmer, or which, of late, 

 has been more attended to and improved. He fuppofes, in- 

 deed, that it might calily be imagined that, as the means of 

 lupporting doinellic animals became more perfe£lly kiiowi;, 

 and more extenfively provided, great and beneficial changes 

 would take place in the nature, form, and other properties of 

 the animals that were to be kept for the purpofes of the far- 

 mer, and confequently advantages to be derived both in the 

 amelioration of the land and ihe improvement of tSe live- 

 llock, which it fupportcd. It is alfo conceived, that the 

 greatly increafed demand for this fcit of (lock, either for 

 the purpofes of food or hibour, may have likewife had much 

 effect in promoting and forwarding their improvement ; but 

 that, thoutjh much has lately been aeconiphflied in this de- 

 partment of rural economy, much llil! vernams to Le done, 

 which may in fome meafure be cfFeiled by the judicious com- 

 bination of proper improved breeds of animals of different 

 kinds, with the various improvements in the cultivation and 

 management of herbage or other forts of green food by 

 which they are to be fupported. 



Mr. Middleton hkewife contends that, where it is intend, 

 ed '"to attempt any coufiJerable improvement in the ra'ure 

 of the live-llock of alarm, care flionld be previo.iOy taken 

 that there is a fufScient degree of (heller, fhade, and warmth, 

 as well as a high degree of ferti'ity of the land, and a fuii- 



able 



