L I V 



I.IVISTONA, in Botany, named by Mr. Brown, in 

 memory of the right honourable Patrick Murray, lord Livi- 

 ftone, the friend of fir Andrew Balfour, who, when the Edin- 

 burgh botanic garden was tirll eilablilhed, greatly enriched it 

 from his own private colleftion, where he had above a thou- 

 fand fpecies in cultivation. This nobleman travelled over 

 France in fearch of plants, where he died of a fever, about the 

 niddlo of the feventeenth century. Brown Prodr. Nov. 

 Holl. V. I. 267. - Clafs and order, Hcxandna Mono^ynia. 

 Nat. Ord. Pnlmi. 



Ed". Ch. Calyx deeply three-cleft. Corolla deeply thrce- 

 cleft. Filaments feparate, dilated at their bafe. Germens 

 three, cohering. Styles three, united into one. Stigma 

 imdivided. lierry folitary, of one cell. Seed folitary ; 

 albumen with a ventral cavity ; embryo at the back. 



A genus of Palms, whofe leaves are palmate, or fome- 

 what pinnate, their fegmcnts cloven at #he extremities. It 

 (hould ftand between Corypha and Chamnrops. Latan'ia 

 chlnrnfis of .lacquin's Fra^menta, p. 16. t. 1 1. i. I, is thought 

 by Mr. Brown to belong to this genus. 'rw9 fpecies of it 

 were found by him in the fropical part of N'ew Holland. 



t. Ij.'tnennls. Segments of the leaves with intermediate 

 threads. Footllaiks without thorns. Stem from 14 to 30 

 feet high. 



2. L. hiimilis. Segments of the leaves with intermedi- 

 ate threads. Footllaiks thorny. Stem from four to fix 

 feet high. 



LIVIUS AxDRONKUs, in Biography, is regarded as 

 the moft ancient of the Roman poets. He was the firft who 

 attempted to compofe r. drama in verfe, which he himfelf 

 fung and acfted, while a player on the flute accompanied him 

 in unifon to keep him in tune. He was encored and obliged 

 to repeat his pieces fo often, that he loft his voice ; and be- 

 ing unable to fing or declaim any longer, he was allowed to 

 have a Have to fmg, while he only aCted the part behind him. 

 Hence came the cuftom of dividing the declamation or 

 melody of the piece, with which the Roman people were 

 Extremely delighted. This poet flourifhcd 240 B. C. Livy 

 and Prieltley. 



I.,IUNG, in Geography, a town of Sweden, in Weft 

 Gothland ; eight miles S. of Uddevalla. — Alfo, a town of 

 Sweden, in Eaft Gothland ; eight miles N.N.W. of Lin- 

 kioping. 



LIUNGBY, a town of Sweden, in the province of Sko- 

 nen ; 16 miles E. of Helfnigborg. 



LIVNI, a town of Rufiia, in the government of Orel, 

 on the Sofva ; 84 miles E. of Orel. N. lat. 53" 58'. E. 

 long. 38 22'. 



LIV OE, a fmall ifland of Denmark, in Lymfiord gulf; 

 having upon it a village. N. lat. 56^ 53'. E. long. 9 6'. 



LIVC)NIA, the name of an ancient province of Ruffia, 

 which, including EJlhonia (which fee), lies in N. lat. 5S , 

 ami is bounded on the N. by the gulf of Finland, on the 

 E. by Novogorod, on the S. by Poland, and on the W. by 

 the Baltic ; being 190 miles from N. to S., and iSo trom 

 W. to E , and containing 72^,300 inhabitants. This pro- 

 vince abounds in lakes, forells, marfhes, and rivers ; but 

 many dillricts are exceedingly fertile, yielding great quanti- 

 ties of rye and other grain, flax, hemp, and iinfeed, which 

 are exported to Sweden, Germany, and other countries ; fo 

 that Livonia has been called the granary of the north. It has 

 feveral pood harbours conveniently fituated for trade. Peipus 

 •lake, about 15 leagues long, and ten broad, has a commu- 

 nication with the gulf of Finland by the river Narva. This 

 country, formerly claimed by feveral neighbouring princes, 

 frequently changed mafters. Livonia, or Lettland, as it was 

 called, together with Efthonia, Courland, and Semigallia, 



L I V 



being provinces on the Baltic, belonged in tlie earliell times 

 to the Riiilian (late, and had even a fliare in the founding ol 

 it. (See Lkttks.) But Livonia had then no fettled con- 

 ftitution, nor was it bound to the parent ftate by any firm 

 political tie. To the reft of Europe it remained generally 

 unknown, till in the year iijS it was difcovered by fome 

 merchants of Bremen, in their fearch of new branches of 

 commerce towards the north. Thefe mariners landed at the 

 mouth of the Duna, opened a trade with the inhabitants, 

 returned thither feveral times, and at length proceeded, with 

 till? confent of the natives, along the (horea of the Duna, or 

 Dwina, many miles up the country. About eighteen years 

 after the difcovery, an AuguHine monk, named Meinhard, 

 fettled in Livonia, profelyted the Livonians to Cliriftianity, 

 and became their bifliop, upon which many Germans, at va- 

 rious times, weie induced to repair thither alfo. The 

 time of the arrival of Meinhard is not precifely aicertained. 

 Some pretend that it was in 11 70, others in 11S6. The 

 fuccefs of the monk was promoted by the fervice which he 

 rendered to his own countrymen, in repuliing the Lithua- 

 nians, who had made an incurfion upon them. He Hated 

 to them the necefTity of conllrutling a ttrong fortrefs, and 

 he aided them in aceomplifliing this objtft, on condition of 

 their being bapti/.ed. But they were reludant in complying 

 with this condition, and many of them relapfed to P.iganifm. 

 Ml inhard was difappointed in his benevolent efforts, and 

 prevented by force from returning with his clergy to Ger- 

 many, hcj died among them, more of grief than of age. 

 After his death, Berthold, abbot of the monallery of 

 Loc.kum, in Hanover, was eletled bifho^, and arriving in 

 Livonia, though not without reludlance, in the year 1197, 

 he recommended himfelf by giving them frequent entertain- 

 ments : but the ardour of their attachment foon abated, and 

 he was conftrained by ill ufage to leave the country. Heap- 

 plied to Gothland and to Lower Saxony for fuccour ; and 

 the pope afiiftcd liim by caufing a crufade to be preached 

 againft the heathens of Livonia. In 1 198 he returned hither« 

 with an army of foldiers. The Livonians prepared to fight, 

 took the field to relift the invaders. A truce was concluded, 

 which was foon broken on the part of the heathens, by the 

 affafTination of feveral Germans. Berthold declared war, 

 and in a bloody battle which enfued, fell by the fvvord. The 

 heathens, however, were at length routed, and when their 

 corn-fields were laid walle by the Chriftians, they lued for 

 peace, and flocked in numbers to be baptized. Upon this 

 the Germans returned home ; but they were no fooner cm- 

 barked, than the Livonians bathed in the Dwina, in order, 

 as they faid, to wafh away their baptifm and Cliriftianity to- 

 gether. They alfo plundered thofe that remained, and put 

 upwards of 100 to death. The Livonians alfo refolved, 

 that all priefts «ho ftiould be found in the country after- 

 Eafter 1199, fhouldbe flain. A fimilarfate alfo awaited the 

 merchants. Thefe ranfomed their lives, but the clergy 

 were forced to fly to Lower Saxony. The monk Mein- 

 hard, and the abbot Berthold, were lucceeded by Albrecht, 

 who, being eleftcd bifhop, arrived in Livonia with twenty- 

 three ftiips. The Livonians became Chriftians for fear of 

 ftarving. Albrecht employed vaiiant men, from whom the 

 bifliopric might expeft continual protedlion ; and with this 

 view he gave ample fiefs to fome courageous nobles. He 

 eftabliflied alfo a ftanding army, and deviled other methods 

 for eftablilhing Cliriftianity in the country. In I20l he 

 built the city of Riga, and transferred hither the cathedral 

 chapter, where he alfo built a monaftery. In the mean 

 while the clergy difperfcd tliemfelves thiough the country, 

 in order to teach and to baptize. In procefs of time other 

 means were ufed to accamplilh the converfion of the Livo- 

 nians. 



