L I V 



L I V 



tiians. In tlic year 1 105 Andrew, archbifhop of Limdcii, 

 vifited Ri^a, and bavint; acquired the reputation of a learned 

 <iivine by his Itudies in Italy, France, and England, gave 

 leftures of theolojjy to the clergy of that city ; and by his 

 advice the vicar of the bifhop of Riga fcnt priefts among the 

 Liivonians, divided the country into dillinift parifhes, and 

 caufed them not merely to be baptifed, bnt to beprevioudy 

 inftrufted. Churches were a!fo erefted. From Livonia 

 Chriftianity was diffufed, againit much oppofition, among 

 the Elthonians. In the year 1522, the reformation found 

 its way into Liefland, by a preacher, who, having been 

 driven out of Pomerania, fled to Riga. The doClrine of 

 Luther was eagerly embraced ; and the Popifli ritual, after- 

 wards patronized on the part of Poland, had, on the whole, no 

 influence to its detriment. By the tenth article of the treaty 

 of Ny (ladt, the Greek religion is fecured in the free exercife of 

 its rites. In Riga there is a church for the ufe of the Cal- 

 vixifts, and the Catholics ai-e allowed the exercife of their 

 ■worfhip. In Liefland it may be julUy faid that every man 

 may follow his own perfuafion in matters of religion without 

 the leaft moleftation. Here alfo count Zinzendorf has found 

 many friends to his church inftitution. 



Saon after the converfion of the Livonians, the bifliop, in 

 the year 1 201, founded the order of the Sword-brethren, af- 

 terwards called Knights-Templars, and granted them the 

 third part of the country with all rights of fovereignty, for 

 conquering and preferving Livonia. Thefe knights were 

 all Germans, who profelyted the natives to Chriftianity with 

 great fuccefs, though not without bloodflied, and made them 

 their vafTals. They afterwards united themfelves with the 

 Teutonic order in Pruffia, to whom Valslimar III., king of 

 Denmark, in 1386, fold Efthonia for the fum of 18,000 

 marks of llandard gold. In the year ij2i the Livonian 

 heermeifter Plettenberg again feparatcd from the Teutonic 

 order, and was admitted by the emperor Charles V. among 

 the princes of the German empire. The attempts made by 

 Czar Ivan Vaffillievitch II, to reconquer thefe provinces 

 which had been torn from the Ruffian empire, and the weak- 

 nefs of the order, which felt itfelf not in a capacity to reiift 

 fo po'.vertul an enemy, at length, in 1561, effected the com- 

 plete reparation of the Livonian Hate. Efthonia put itfelf 

 under the protettionof Sweden, Livonia united with Poland, 

 and Courland was a peculiar dukedom under Polifli fupre- 

 macy, which the iall heermeifter Gotthard Kettler held as 

 a fief of that crown. From this era Livonia became the 

 unhappy object of contention, for which Sweden, Ruflia, 

 and Poland, for an entire century, were continually exhauft- 

 ing themfelves in bloody wars. Sweden at laft obtained the 

 dominion, and at 'the peace of Oliva in 1660 added this 

 province to the pofTeflion of Etlhonia. Both countries finally, 

 after a war of 20 years, came to the Rnflians by the treaty 

 of Nylladt in 17^1 ; and form at prefent the viceroyalties 

 of Riga and Revel. Thefe two governments are fuppofed 

 to contain 24,000 geographical fqnare miles. This country 

 formerly contained a conGderable number of towns and vil- 

 Uges, but by wars and inteftine commotions, moll of theni 

 •were dcttroyed. See Riga and Revel. 



The tra£t of country called Polifh Livonia, which, under 

 the government of the Teutonic order, formed likewife a 

 part of the Livonian ftate, reverted in the year 1561, with 

 the whole province of that name, to Poland. At the peace 

 cf Ohva, by which Livonia came under the fovereignty of 

 Sweden, this fole diftrift however remained to the Pohfli 

 ftate, retaining from that time its name in contradiftinttion 

 to Swedifh Livonia. On the partition in 177?, this country, 

 which had liitherto conltituted its particular voivodefliip, was 

 annexed to RuiTia, and now comprehends the two circles of 

 ■ Vol. XXI. 



Dunabnrjj and Refitza, in the viceroyalty of Polatfiv. 

 Tooke's View of the Rufiian Empire, vol. i. 



LIVONICA TiiKH.A, in the Maicna Mcd'ica, a kiiid of 

 fine bole ufed in the fliops of Germany and Italy, of which 

 there are two fpecies, the yellow and the red. (See BoLE.) 

 The dillinguidung charafters of which are thefe. 



The ycUo'df lA-vonian carib is a pure and perfectly fine bole, 

 of a fliattery friable texture, confiderably heavy, and of a 

 dull dulky yellow, which has ufually iome faint blufli of 

 rednefs in it. It is of a fmooth furface, and does not ftain 

 the hands ; it adheres firmly to the tongue, and melts freely 

 in the mouth, leaving no grittinefs between the teeth, and 

 ferments not at all with acid menftrua. In a moderate fire 

 it acquires fome additional hardnefs, and a darker colour. 

 It has been efteemed a fndorific and an aftringent. 



The red Lh'onlan earth is an impure bole of a loofe texture, 

 and a dull red. It is of a fmooth furface, breaks eafily be- 

 tween the fingers, and flightly ftains the hands. It melts 

 freely in the mouth, has a very ftrong aftringent talte, but 

 leaves a grittinefs between the teeth, and is alkaline. It ac- 

 quires a conlidcrable hardnefs in the fire, and becomes of a. 

 paler colour with a Itrong caft of yellowilh-brown. 



Thefe earths are both dug out of the fame pit, in the 

 place from whence they have their name, and in fome other 

 parts of the world. They are generally brought to us made 

 up in little cakes, and fealed with the imprefCon of a church, 

 and an efcutcheon with two crofskeys, and recommended in 

 diarrhccas, dyfenteries, &c. 



LIVORNINA, an old coin of Leghorn, equal in value 

 to 4J. ^id. fterling. 



LIVORNO, in Geography. See Leghorn. 



l.IUR, a town of Sweden, in Weft Gothland; 33 miles 

 N-E. of Gotheborg. 



LIVRE, a French money of account, in the old fyf- 

 tem, confining of twenty fols ; each fol containing twelve 

 deniers and four liards. 



The origin of the word is derived hence, that ancientlj 

 the Roman libra, or pound, was the ftandard by which the 

 French money was regulated ; twenty fols being made equal 

 to the libra. By degrees the libra became a term of ac- 

 count ; fo that any com juft worth twenty fols was a livre, 

 or libra; and fince the time of Charlemagne, all contraft* 

 have been made on the foot of this imaginary coin ; 

 though the fols have frequently changed their weight and 

 alloy. 



The livre is of two kinds, Tourrois and Parl/is. 



LiviiE 'Tourriuis, as above, contains twenty lols Tournoi', 

 and each fol twelve deniers Tournois. 



Livre Parijis, is twenty fols Parifis, each fol Parifis 

 worth twelve deniers Parifis, or fifteen deniers Tournois ; fo 

 that a livre Parifis is equivalent to twenty-five fols Tournois ; 

 the word Parifis being ufed in oppofition to Tournois, on 

 account of the rate of money, which was one-fourth higher 

 at Paris than at Tonrs. 



The franc and livre were formerly fynonimous ; but in 

 the coinage of 179), the franc was made too heavy, and its 

 value was accordingly raifed i j per cent. : thus, So franci 

 = 81 hvres. In 1796, it was ordered that the piece of 

 five francs fliould pafs for five livrcs one fol three deniers 

 Tournois, from which the proportion ot the franc to the 

 livre of 100 to 10 1 x is determined ; but the accuracy of thig 

 proportion has been queftioned by writers of the firft autho- 

 rity, who have calculated it to be as 100 to loii. Sep 

 Coi.vs, Exci!.\NGE, and Money. 



For an account of the coin and money of account, both 

 under the old and new fyftem of 1795, fee Monfy. 



There have fince been pieces of gold Uruck ul twenty foI» 

 -. D d value ; 



