L I V 



▼aliie; and under Henry HI. in ijyj, pieces of filver of 

 like value : both the one and the other were called francs ; 

 and thus the imai;iiiary coin became real. It appears that 

 the Romans had alfo a kind of money, which tliey called 

 libra, or Itbclla ; which was the tenth part of their denarius ; 

 fo called, becaiifc equivalent to an as, w hich at firft weighed 

 a libra or po'jnd of copper. Scaliger adds, .that they iifed 

 libra as a term of account, not as a coin : " Libra erat col- 

 leflio nummorum, non nummus." 



I.IVRE Ouvcrl, Fr. Ill MiJ:c. To fine: or play a lii-re oaverl, 

 is equivalent to playing or luigmg a:/ight, at the opening of a 

 book. All mulicians pique themlelves on being able to 

 perform a mufical compofition at fight, without previous 

 Itudy or praftice ; but RonfiVau very jul\ly obferves, that 

 there are few who, in this kind of execution, feize tlic true 

 fpirit of the autiior, and who, though they hit tlie right 

 notes, do not millake the cxpreffion. 



LIUSD.VL, in Geography, a town of Sweden, in the 

 province of Helfingland ; 32 miles W.M.W. of Hudwickf- 

 wal. 



LIUSNABRUCK, a town of Sweden, in the province 

 •f Helfingland ; J miles S. of Soderhamn. 



LIUSNAN, a river of Sweden, which rifcs in the 

 mountains of Hariedalen, and diicharges i'.felf into the gulf 

 of Bothnia; 8 miies S. of Soderhamn. N. lat. 61 15'. E. 

 long. 17". 



LIUSTARNO, an ifland of Sweden, in the Baltic. 

 N. lat 99 jo'. E. long. 18 _:;o'. 



LIUSTORP, a town of Sweden, in Medelpadia ; 15 

 miles N. of Sundfwall. 



LIUSUDBORG, a town of Sweden, in Nericia ; 40 

 miles N. of Orcbro. 



LIUTPRAND, in Biography, an hillorical writer of 

 the tenth century, faid by fome authors to have been a 

 Spaniard, by others an Italian. His father was in the con- 

 fidence of Hugo, king of Italy ; and the fon, while very 

 young, was placed in the court of Berenger II., who ob- 

 tained the kingdom by difpofrefling Hugo, and was fent by 

 him ambaffiidor to the Greek emperor, Conflantine Porphy- 

 rogcnitus, on account of his intimate acquaintance with the 

 Greek language. Lofing the favour of his own mailer, he 

 was obliged, in 958, to go an exile to Germany, where he 

 compofed the hillory of his own times, which is extant. 

 The fall of Berenger, who was ilript of his dominions, in 

 061, by Otho I., rcflored Liutprand to his country; and 

 he was foon after confecrated bilhop of Cremona. In 

 quality of this office, he attended an afiVmbly of bilhops at 

 Rome in 96J, in oppofition to the pope, John XII. He 

 was again lent an.bafT- dor to the court cf Conllantinople, in 

 the name of Otho, to f^jlicit the daughttr of the Greek em- 

 peror f >r the fon of 0:ho : he was unfuccefsful ; and being 

 much hurt at the reception lie met wi;h, he fatiri/.ed the 

 pride and ignorance of the court in an account of his cm- 

 balTy, an exed to his hiflory. The time of his death has 

 not been afcertained ; but his figaature occurs in a fynod 

 held at Ravenna in 970, under the title of Liuzio, bi(hop 

 of Cremona. This hiilorical work of Liutprand confifts of 

 fix books, of i\ hich fome of the latter chapters arc fuppofed 

 to have been written by another hand. It has patTed 

 througli feveral editions : the laft is that of Muratori, in his 

 «• Sciintorrs Rernm Ital " 



LIUrZIN, in Geography, a town of Rudia, in the go- . 

 Ternment of Puljtik ; 60 n.ilos N.N.VV. of Polotdc. N. 

 lat, 56 25'. E. long. 27- 34'. 



;1.IVY, Tnus Livius, in Biography, an eminent Ro- 

 min Iiiftorian, is fuppofed to have been a -'.live of Padua. 

 He came to Rome iii the reign of Aiiguflus, and was ad- 



8 



L I X 



mitted to the familiarity of feveral perfons of rank, and of 

 the emperor himfelf. He made himfelf known by fome 

 piiilofophical dialogues ; but his literary reputation was 

 principally built upon his Roman hiftor)-, which enjoys a 

 perpetual celebrity : no work of the kind was ever reeeiv'.d 

 with greater :ipplaiife. Few particulars of his life are 

 known ; yet his fame was fo univcrfaliy fpread, even in his 

 life time, that a perfon traverfed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, 

 merely to fee the man whofe writings had given hiin fuch 

 pleafurc and fallsfaition in the peruial. Livy died at 

 Padua irj his 67th year, and, according to fome, on that 

 fame day Rome was alfo deprived of another of its brightcll 

 ornaments by the death of Ovid. I^ivy wrote a letter, ad- 

 dreffed to his fon, on the merit of authors, which is greatly 

 commended by Quintilian, who expatiates with great 

 v.'armth and ardour on the judgment and candour of the 

 writer. His Roman hillory was comprehended in 140 

 book?, of which only 35 are extant. It began with tlie 

 foundation of Rome, and was continued till the death of 

 Drufus in Germany. The merit of this hiflory is well- 

 knoH'n, and the high rank which l.ivy holds among hif- 

 torians will never be difputcd. His llyle is clear and intcl- 

 ligible, laboured without affeftation, difiulive without tcdi- 

 oulnefs, and argumentative without pedantry. His defcrip- 

 tion.s are fingularly lively and pifturefque ; and there are- 

 few fpecimens of oratory fiiperior to that of many of the 

 fpeeches with which his narratives are copionlly intcrfperfed. 

 Of the editions of Livy, thofe moll elleemed are tiiat of 

 Gronovius cum Notis variorum, 3 vols. Svo. Lugd. B» 

 1679; of Le Clerc, Amft. 10 vols- ; of Crevier, 6 vols. ; 

 of Drakenborch, Amll. 7 vols. Livy's works have been 

 divided by fome moderns into 14 decades, earfi confilling 

 ot 10 books. The iirft decade comprehends the liiflory of 

 460 years. The fecond decade is loll, and the tliird in- 

 cludes the hillory of the fecond Punic war, or a fpace of 

 about 18 years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of the 

 wars with Macedonia and Antiochus, which contain 2^ 

 years. For the firft five books of tlie fifth decade we are 

 indebted to the refearches of the moderns.' They were 

 found at Worms, in tlie year 1451. Thefc are the remains 

 of Livy's hillory. Freinfliemius, with great induftry and 

 attention, has made an epitome of the Roman hillory, which, 

 is now incorporated with the remaining books of Livy. 



LIW, in Geography, a town of the duchy of Warfaw ; 

 40 miles E. of Warlaw. 



LIXEME, a town of Pruffia, in Cberland; 5 miles 

 S.S.W. of Saalfeldt. 



LIXIVIOUS, Lixivi.M., or Ll.tlvlak, in Cbemljlry, 

 is underltood of falts extraded trom burnt vegetables by 

 lotion. 



Lixivious falts are the fixed falts of plants, &c. extraiJled 

 by calcining the plants, or reducing them to tlhes, and after- 

 wards making a lixivium of thofe afties witii water. 



Mr. Boyle obferves, that the differejicc betv.-ccn lixivious 

 and urinous falts confills in this, that the former change 

 the dilTnlution of fublimate in common water into a yel- 

 low colour, which the latter do not. See Alkali ai.d 

 Salt. 



LIXIVIUM, Lev, or Lees, a liquor made by the in- 

 fufion of wood-alhes ; or, it denotes any alkaline fclulion, 

 made by lixiviating peail, or wood, or other allies. 



What is left after ihe evaporation of fuch a liquor is called 

 a lixivious fait ; fuch as all thofe are which are made by in- 

 cineration. 



Lixiviums are of ufe, not only in medicine, but alfo \n 

 bleaching, fiigar-work«, See. See raE.\ciiiNc;, Sugab, 

 awl Pot-ashes. 



Lixivium 



