L I X 



Lixivium Mm-th, in Med-dne, a form of medicine intro- 

 duced into pradice in the London Difponfatory. The 

 manner of preparing it is to fet the matter remaining in the re- 

 tort after tlie fubliming of the £ores martis, in a damp place, 

 where by means of the moiiiure of the air it will run into a 

 liquor. See Flokes Martiaks, and Irox. 



Lixivium Saponaiivm, Soap-lees, Aqua lal'i purl, P. L. 

 T7S7; Liquor pot njfie, P. L. 1 809 ; a liquor that has been 

 iT!ucli ufed in medicine in cafes of the ilone (fee LlTllON- 

 TRli'Tic) ; and when intended for this ufe, it is to be made 

 fomething kfs ftrong than for the foap-boilers' ufe, and 

 fhould be prepared in the following manner. Take Ruflia 

 pot-afh, and qnick-lime, of each an equal quantity ; though 

 pure alkaline fait requires commonly about twice its weiglit 

 of qiiick-'.ime to render it completely cauftic, which is known 

 by the ley making no effervefcence with acids : throw water 

 on them in fmall quantities till the lime is Piaked ; then throw 

 on more water, and ftir the whole tocjether, luffering it to 

 ftand for a day or two, that the fait of the afhes may be dif- 

 foived ; after fome time pour the liquor, filtered through 

 paper, if needful, into another veflcl. A true itandard 

 wine-pint of this liquor meafurcd with the greateft exa6\nefs, 

 onght to weigh jult fixteen ounces troy. If it be found 

 on trial to be heavier than this, for every drachm it exceeds 

 that weight, an ounce and a half of water is to be added 

 to each pint : but if it be hghter than this, it muft be either 

 boiled to this ftandard, or elfe poured upon treih lime and 

 aihes. - 



The makers of foft foap with us prepare their lees fo 

 much llronner than this, that to be reduced to this ftand- 

 ard, it requires to be diluted with an equal quantity of fair 

 water. 



Quick-lime has the property of increaftng confiderably the 

 caulticity of all fixed alkalies, by abforbing their fixable air 

 or gas. See Lime. 



This caullic ley, evaporated to drynefs, furnifhes an alka- 

 line fait exceedingly acrid, which being melted in a crucible 

 becomes what is called common csujlh ; becaufe when it is 

 applied to the f!<in, it rriakes an efchar, pierces it, and leaves 

 an ulcer, the fuppuration of which, when continued, is 

 call.'d an l^:ie. Caultic alkali has not only much greater 

 diHolving power, but it isalfo much more deliquelcent, and 

 attracts much more powerfully the ir.oifture of the air, than 

 ordinary alkali. This inconvenience is avoided by boiling 

 down the foap ley only to one-fourth part, and then, while 

 the liquor continues boiling, fprinkling in, by little and 

 little, io much powdered quick-lime as will abforb it, fo as 

 to form a kind of pafte. 



The liquor potajfs, or folution of potafs, of the laft Lon- 

 don Pharmacopeia, is prepared by diffolving a pound of 

 fubcarboiiate of potafs, i. e. the kali praeparatum, P. 1,. 

 1787, or fal abfinthii, fal tartari of P. L. 1745, '" '■^^'" 

 pints of boiling diltiiled water ; then adding three quarts of 

 the water to a pound of lime nevvly prepared : mix the 

 liquors while ihey are hot, ftir them together, then fet by 

 the mixture in a covered veffel, and, after it has cooled, 

 ftrain the folution through a cotton bag. If any diluted 

 acid, dropped into the folution, occafion the extrication of 

 bubbles of gas, more lime muft be added, and the mixture 

 llraincd again. This folution is more denfe than water, 

 and, when (haken, appears like oil. 



LrxiviuM Tartari, the name given in the London Dif- 

 penfatory of 174J to the liquor called by moll authors, as 

 in P. Ij. 1720, oil of tartar per deliquium ; in P. L. 17S7. 

 aqua kali praparati ; and in P. L. 1809, liquor potajpe ful- 

 carbonatis. This is made of tartar, which is to be calcined 

 to a whitenefs, and then fet in a damp place, where it will 



L I Z 



liquify by the moiflure of the air. The liquor thus pra- 

 cured is more pure than if the calcined tartar were diftblved 

 diredlly in water. 



In the lall P. L. it is direfted to be prepared by dif- 

 folving a pound of fubcarbonate of potafs m twelve fluid 

 ounces of dillilled water, and then ftraining the folution 

 through paper. I'his folution will, in the ordinary ftatd.ot 

 the fubcarbonate, amount to nearly 18 ounces in bulk. 



LIXURI, in Geography, a town of the ifland of Cepha- 

 lonia ; 1 2, miles \V . of Cephalonia. 



LIZARD, in AJlronomy. See Lacbrta. 



Lizard, in Natural Hijlory. Having, in various parts of 

 our work, referred to the article Lacekta, of w4iich, in its 

 proper place, we were difappointed, we Ihall now, it bei;:g 

 the firft opportunity aft'orded us after the omilTion, give an 

 account of the ivhole genus, including a great variety of 

 animals, which, although they poii'efs many charafters in 

 common, yet exhibit confiderr.ble diflerences in their eco- 

 nomy and habits, and alio in their ftrufture and erternjl 

 form. 



For the anatomical defcription of this genus, we refer to 

 the article Reptiles. 



The genus lacerta has by fome naturaliils been regarded 

 as a drllintl order, and as fuch has been divided into feveral 

 genera ; but following the Linnxan arrangement,' we (hall 

 confiderthe fubject under the divifionsor fections into which 

 Linnaeus feparated the genus. 



Dr. Shaw has thus enumerated them : 



1. Crocodiles, furnilhed with ftrong Icales. 



2. Guanas, and other lizards, either with ferrated or ca- 

 rlnated backs and tails. 



^. Cordyles, with denticulated, and fometimes fpiny 

 fcales, either on the body or tail, or both. 



4. Lizards proper, fmooth, and the greater number 

 furnidied with broad fquare fcalcs, or plates on the ab- 

 domen. 



J. Chameleons, with granulated Hcin, large head, long 

 milDIe tongue, and cylindric tail. 



6. Geckos, with granulated or tuberisulated ilcin, and lo- 

 bated feet, with the toes lamellated beneath. 



7. Scinks, with fmooth, fi(h-like fcales. 



8. Salamanders, newts, or efts, with foft llcins, fome of 

 which are water-hzards. 



9. Snake-hzards, with extremely long bodies, \'ery fhort 

 legs, and minute feet. 



This is an active tribe, and, with the exception cf tiie 

 aquatic animals, feeds o'n inleCts : the crocodiles have both 

 jaws moveable, and the largell mwutls ot all animals : their 

 body is covered with ca!k)fities : the chameleons have a pi-e- 

 lienfile tail ; fit on trees ; walk flov.-ly and irregularly ; have 

 no teeth ; eyes large, fixed in a wrinkled focket ; tongue 

 very long, worm-lhaped, with which they dra%v in flies ; 

 head angular, covered with very thin lucid tubercles or 

 fcales. 



The foregoing divifions, it is admitted, neither are nor can 

 be perfeftly prccife, fince fpecies occur which may, with 

 nearly equal propriety, be referred to either of the neighboir- 

 ing feftions : on this account naturaliils have not been 

 agreed as to the exaft number of fpecies in each lei^ion, nor 

 even as to the number of fedlions tiicmfeivcs. Dr. Shaw, a> 

 we have feen above, has feparated the genus into nine fcftions ; 

 he has been followed by many other leipedtable writert, but 

 in the laft edition of Gmclin, as given by Dr. Turton, the 

 genus is divided into eleven fcCtiuns, which (Uail be given 

 in their order. 



Section A. Tail two-edged, divided into fegments; 

 tongue verj- ftioru 



D d i Species. 



