LONDON. 



lion of^Londinium. At tliis time, it appears that Lon- 

 dinium was not fortified in the Roman manner, and was in- 

 ferior to either of the other places juft named. In a few 

 years afteru-ards, the Romans made it a permanent ftation ; 

 furrounded it with a forrified wall of ftone and brick, and 



by Gundulph, biihop of Rocheiler, whoereftedthe White 

 tower, within the I'ower of London. In the fame reign 

 St. Paul's chnrch was commenced ; and the ftrong caftles of 

 Baynard and Montfichet, both of them ftandiiij on the 

 banks of the Thames within tlie city walls, were erefted 



governed the inhabitants by Roman laws. The courfe and by two of the Norman king's officers, named Baynard and 

 e.-ctent of the walls were as follows : commencing at a fort, ^Iolltllchet. During this and fevcral fucceeding reigns, the 

 near the prelent tower of London, the wall was carried in a public buildings of London were greatly augmented in num- 

 line direcUy north to Aid-gate ; thence it made a curve to ber, by the erection of feveral religions edifices, abbatial 

 the fouth-wcft, to Bi(hops-gate, from which it continued in and epifcopal relidenceis. The roval palace at Wellminfler, 

 a rtraight line to Cripple-gate and Alders-gate ; here it which had been founded by Edward the CoiifefTor, was con- 

 turned to the fouth, and proceeded to New-gate, where it fiderably enlarged ; and a large hall was built there by 

 made almoft a right angle, turning to the fouth, to Lud-gate, Wi.Iiam Rufus The reign of Hcnrv I. was diftingiiifhed 

 and on to the banks of the Thames, The circuit of tliis by the foundation and conilruftion of juany monadic houfcs ; 

 part of the boundary, according to Stow, was nearly two and feveral others were cllablifhed during the Anglo-Norman 

 nules and one furlong. Another wall, of about one mile in and Plantagenet dynafties. 



length; extended along the northern bank of the Thames, A lilt of the religious houfes, with the time of their dif- 



from the fort near the Tower to another fort near the prefent ferent foundations, will aflbrd a tolerable idea of the gradual 



Black-friars bridge. Thefe walls were defended, at dif- increafe of the city, with refpeft to fuch eJlablifhmeets, 



ferent di'.laiices, by ftrong towers and baftions. The height 

 of the wall is faid to have been 22 feet, and the towers 

 40 feet. The fuperficial contents of the area thus enclofed 

 have been computed at about 4C0 acres. Nearly through 

 the middle of this llation palTed a llream, fince called Wall- 

 brooke. Dr. Stukeley, in his " Itinerarium Curiofum," has 



and of the difference between ancient and modern London. 

 The town appears to have contained no lefs than fifty-four 

 monaftic houfes, fuch as abbies, priories, nunneries', hof- 

 pitals, colleges, &c. 



St. Paul's cathedral w3s firft founded by Ethelbert, king 

 of Kent; church rebuilt in 961 ; again in the time of 



given a plan of Londinium, (hewing the extent and form of William Rufus. The prefent church commenced in 167J 



the (lation, with the number of gates in the walls, and the 

 military roads that branched otT from it. The burial-places 

 ■were without the walls, on the north and eaftern fides of the 

 town. Londinium was advanced from a prafedure, i. e. a 

 town governed by a Roman procfecl, to the rank of a colony. 

 Lt alfo became the feat of the vicarius Britanniarum, and of 

 the comraiflioners of the treafury under the Roman em- 

 perors. To enter into accounts of all the various remains 

 of the Romans, which have been difcovered at different times 

 within the limits of London, would lead us into a long dif- 

 lertation : it mull fufEce to ilate, that teffellated pavements, 

 urns, coins, pottery, foundations of buildings, and other 

 evident relics of the Romans, have been frequently found 

 beneath the prefent furface. At the Bank, near the India 

 houfe, and in Lombard Itreet, fome pavements have been 

 taken up ; and in various other parts of the city have been 

 found evident traces of Roman habitations, and Roman 

 culloras. The London flone in Cannon ftreet is confidered, 

 by mod antiquaries, as part ef a Roman milliary. Thefe 

 are all particularly defcribed in Brayley's Survey of Lon- 

 don and Middlelex, vol. i. 1810. 



Very little is known of London during the Anglo-Saxon 

 dynafty ; nor do we know of any buildings, or other local 

 antiquities, which may be referred to that period. Under 

 the Saxons, London, then called Lunden, Lundone, Lun- 

 denburg, Lundenes, Lundenceafter, gradually increafcd in 



The priory of St. Martin-le-Grand, founded by Withred, 

 king of Kent, in the year 7C0 ; was givew, in IJC2, by 

 Henry VII. to Wedminfter Abbey; the dreet of St. 

 Martin-le-Grand is iliil annexed to Wedminller. 



The nunnery in Cle.-.kenwell, founded in 1 100, by fir 

 Jordan Brifirt. 



The hofpital of St. John of Jerufalem, in Clerkenwell, 

 was founded in iioo, by the fame. 



The Holy Trinity, or Chrid-church, within Aid-gate, 

 was founded by the emprefs Maud, in uo8, for Audin 

 canons. 



The priory of St. Bartholomew in Wed Smithfield was 

 begun by Rahere, in 1123 ; the hofpital foon afterwards. 



A Benediftine nunnery of Haliwell, by Robert Fitz- 

 Gelran, before 11 27. 



St. Katherine near the Tower, by the emprefs, before 

 1 148. 



The Old Temple of Holborn, in 1 1 18 ; and the new one 

 near Flett-ilreet, by the order, in 11S5. 



St. Mary Spittle, by Walter Brune, in 1 197. 



St. Thomas of Acre, in the end of Henry II. 's reign, by 

 Thomas Fitz-Theobald. 



The college of AUhallows Barking, by Richard I. 



The nunnery of St. Hi-len's, in Bidiopfgate-dreet, was 

 founded by William Fitz-William, in I 210. 



Tlie Black Friars had a houfe near Chancerv-lane, but 



extent and affluence ; and, according to Bede, it then be- afterwards begged or bought the ground near Caltle Bay. 

 came the " emporium of many nations." Religious edifices nard, foon after 1 22 I 



were erefted in the feventh century, on the fcites of St. 

 Paul's and Wedminfter Abbey. It is prefumed there was a 

 bridge acrofs the Thames, near Wedminfter, previous to 

 the year 994 : as William of Malmd)ury, when fpeaking 

 of the repuUe of the Danes under Sweyn and Olaf, favs 

 that " part of them were drowned in the river, becaufe, in 

 tfwir hady rage, they took no heed of the bridge." In the 

 time of king Athelitan, a law was paiTed refpeCting coinage, 

 by which It is ipecified that London was allowed eight 

 minters, whilft only feven were appointed for the cities of 

 Canterbury and W^lncheder. 



Soon after the Roman conqueft, a fortrefs or caftle was 

 built on the banks of the Thames ; aod t^s was enlarged 



The Grey Friars, about 1224; afterwards in Newgate 

 ftreet. 



The White Friar?, by fir Rich Grey, in I 241. 



A priory for Audin Friars was edablillied in Broad-ftreet, 

 by Humphry Bohun, earl of Hereford, in 1253. 



The Friars of the Sack, Old Jewry, 12^7. Order dif- 

 folved, 1307. 



The Croded or Crutched Friars, by Ralph Hofier and 

 William rfaberns, in i 298. 



The Rolls, or Domus Converforum, by Henry III. in 

 1331, for the converlion of Jews. 



St. Mary Rouncivall in the Strand, abo'it the fatn^ 

 period. 



g q 2 Tte, 



