LONDON. 



eburfc of perfons immediately and collaterally dependent on, this profit, the retailers add water to the milk, to the ex- 

 and intimately connefted with the fame, are calculated to tent, on an average, of a fixth part. Though the cow- 

 excite the allonifhment of foreigners, and of pcrfons who keepers do not themfelves adulterate the milk, (it beinjr the 

 have not made inquiries into the fubjeft. The wholcfale cui^om for the retailer to contraft for the milk of a certain 

 trade is moilly carried on in the city, and in the vicinity of number of cows, to be milked by his own people,) yet they 

 the river, where large warehoufe* and counting-houfcs are are not wholly to be acquitted of the guilt ; for in many of 

 ellablifhed. The retail trade is difperfed through all the the miik-rooms where the milk is meafured to the retailer, 

 public ftreets ; where fpacious and handfome Hiops are pumps are eredted for the cxprefs purpofe of furnifliine 

 opened for the difplay of all the necciraries, as well as all vvater for he adulteration, which is openly perfurmed in the 

 the luxuries of life. The (hop-keepers of London are prelence of any pcrfon who happens to be on the fpot. 

 mollly ail aftive, ind'iftrious. and refpeflable clafsof fociety : See Milk. ' , 

 many of them are wealthy, and frequently retire from bufi- 

 nefsin advanced age, with competence, or fortunes. Among 

 the moll modern (hop ellnbli(hments up n a large fcale, 

 are thole appropriated to bocks and prints. Withiii the 

 laft 50 years, thefe have been prodigioufly increafed : and it 



Vegetables and Fruit. — There are at lead 10,000 acres of 

 ground near the metropolis, cultivated wholly for vege- 

 tables, and about 3000 acres for fruit. The fum paid at 

 market annually is about 645,000/. for vegetables, and about 

 400;00o/. for fruit ; independently of the advance of the 

 would greatly allonilli Addifon, Johnfon, or fir J,*(hua Rey- retailers, which, on an average, is more than 200/. per cent.. 



nolds, could they revilit London in iSiz, and cake a re 

 of the change that has been produced ilnce the lime they lived, 

 in the quantity and quahty of lit'^rary produftions, and in 

 works of art. The regular, continued and perpetual inter- 

 courfe that fubfifts between London and all parts of the 

 kingdom, by coaches, waggons, barges, &c. conftitutes 

 another and ftrongly marked feature. 



Proi'if.oTis, l^c. ujed in London. — An immenfe population 



making the entire coft for the London fupply upwards of 

 3,000,00c/. 



Wheat, coah, l^c. — The annual confumption of wheat 

 in London is, at leall, 900,000 quarters, each containing 

 eight Wincheller bulhels ; of coals 8co,ooo chaldron, 36 

 burtiels, or a ton and half to each chaldron ; of ale and 

 porter 2,000,000 barrels, of 36 gallons each j fpirituous 

 liquors and compounds 11,146,782 gallons; wine 6j,oco 



will require a large and fy Hematic fupplv of pro villous ; and pipes; butter about 2i,2 65,GOo!bs. ; and clieefe, 25,50 -,000 



in this refpeft, no city in the world can be better accoramo- The quantity of purter brewed from July 5, 1809, to July C, 



dated; laws, cullom, and open competition are all conducive 18 o, by two of the principal brewers, was, Ijy Barclay, 



to public advantage. Perknis, and Co. 235,053 bairels, and by Meux, Reid, and 



Animal Food. -The number of oxen annually confumed Co. 211,009. (See Porter.) The quantity of tidi confumed 



in London is eftimated at 110,000; of (heep, 770,000 ; of in the metropolisis comparativelyfmall,onaccount of the high 



lambs, 250,000 ; of calves, 250,oro ; of hogs and pigs, price wliich it generally bears ; and this appears to be the 



200,000 ; befidcs animals of other kinds. In fpeakiiig of 

 the confumption of animal food in London, it is not fuffi- 

 ciertt to noiice merely the number of aiiimals brought to 

 market ; for their fize and fine condition (hould alfo be con- 

 fidered in forming a proper criterion. The mcreafed con- 

 fumption of the metropolis, from lis accumulating population, 

 may be eftimated from the following average of the number 

 fold annually in Sniithfield. 



From 



It is not only in number but in weight that there has been 

 an aftonilhing increafe ; this has arifen from the improvements 

 in breeding that have taken place in the courfe of the lall 

 century. About the year 1 700, the average weight of an 

 ,ox, killed for the London market, was 37olbs. ; of a ca!f, 

 jolbs. ; of a (heep, 281bs. ; of a lamb, i81bs ; whereas the 

 average weight at prelent is, of oxen, Soolbs. each ; of 

 calves, T4olbs. each; of (heep, 8olbs. each; and of lambs, 

 5olbs. each. The total value of butchers' meat fold in 

 Sniithfield is calculaced to amouut to 7,000,000/. per an- 

 num. 



Milh. — The quantity of this article confumed in Lon- 

 don furprizes foreigners ; and yet few perfons have even a 

 fufpicion of the ar.iount, which is not lefs than 6,980.000 

 gallons annually. The number of cows kept for this fup- 

 ply is faid to be 8500 ; the fum paid by the retailers of 

 itiiik to the cow-keepers is !laied at 317,400/. annually, on 

 which LJie retailers lay an advance of cent, per cent., making 

 the coll to the inhabitants 634,000/. Not content with 



moll ftriking defeft in the fupply of the capital, when it is 

 confidered that the rivers of the kingdom, and the feas 

 which lurround it, mull afford luch an amazing quantity. 

 There are,' on an average, annually brought to Billingfgate 

 market 2500 cargoes of fifh, of 40 tons each, and about 

 20,000 tons by land-carriage, in the whole 1 20,000 tons. 

 The fupply of poultry being inadequate to a general con- 

 fumptioi., and the price confequently exorbitant, this article 

 is confi.ied to the tables of the wealthy, and the annual 

 value does not exceed 60,000/. Game is not publicly fold, 

 yet a confiderable quantity, by prefents, and even by clan- 

 deftine fale, is contumed by the middling clalfes. Venifon 

 is fold, chiefly by pailry-ceoks, at a moderate rate ; but 

 the chief confumption, which is confiderable, is amongll the 

 proprietors of deer parks. 



Markets, isfe. — London contains 15 flelh markets, one for 

 live cattle, (heep, horfes, &c. am' 25 for corn, coals, hay, 

 vegetables. Sic. Of thefe the principal are, at Sniithfield, 

 for bullocks, (lieep, horfes, fwine, hay, Itraw, occ ; Leaden- 

 hall, for butchers' meat, wool, hides, &c. ; Billuigl'irate, 

 for fidi ; Covent garden and Fleet, for fruit and vege- 

 tables ; Newgate, Newport, Carnaby, and Clare markets, 

 for butchers' meat, &c. ; the corn market in Mark-iaiie : in 

 Thames llreet is a coal exchange. London has only one 

 annual fair, which is held in Smithfield, and continues for 

 three days. It is mollly devoted to object.-; of amufement, 

 fuch as (hows, exhibitions of beads, birds, (lights of hand, 

 and the very lowed fpecies of diverlion. Hence it is modly 

 frequented by the lowed and mod depraved clalTes of fociety. 

 It is become more a place of riot and debauchery, than of 

 public utility. 



From what has been dated refpecling the provifions an- 

 nually confumed in London, we are naturnlly led to inquire 

 into its population ; an accurate knowledge of which forms 

 I a founda- 



