LONDON. 



&:c.) fo as to reduce fuch wall under the tliicknefs required. 

 No timber to be in the party-walls (except bonds, templets, 

 and clinins, and the ends of girders, beams, &c.) and 87; 

 inches of folid brick-work to be between the ends and fides 

 of every piece of timber, except oppofite to other timbers, 

 and then no part of fuch timber to approach nearer than 

 four inches to the centre of the wa^l. Surveyors are to 

 give information of irregular bmldings, and the lord mayor 

 and jullices are to order tlie fame to be demolifhed or 

 amended, and JOj. penalty is chargeable on the workman. 

 Fire-engines and ladders to be kept in known places in every 

 parifli ; and parifli officers fliall place on the mains of water- 

 works, flop blocks, and fire cocks, and Ihall mark the 

 houfe near. In cafe of fire, tlic turncock whi)fe water 

 comes fird (liall be paid loj. Firll engine i/. 10., the 

 fecond i/. , the third ics. Where offieers pay rewards for 

 •iires in tli'mnies only, or beginning there, tlit-y are to be 

 reimburfed by the occupier. Servants vvlio through negli- 

 gence fet fire to any houfe, (hall forfeit 100/. or be com- 

 mitted to hard labour for iS months. 



Butchers. — It is provided by an act of Hon. VII. c. ^, 

 that butchers {liall not kill bcalls within the walls of Lon- 

 don ; but this aft is either fuperfedtd or not put in force. 



Cattle. — By 14 Geo. III. c. 87, and 21 Geo. III. c. 6". 

 any peace olTicer may arrell perfons who drive cattle 

 through the llreets of London in an improper or cruel man- 

 ner. The party, if conviftcd, fhall forfeit from ^s. to 20s. 

 or be committed for one month. Perfons not being drivers 

 of cattle, who (liall throw ttone.s or fet dogs at them, (hall 

 be fubject to the fame penalties. 



Carts. — By l Geo. 1. flat. 2. c. 57, no carman, draym.an, 

 waggoner, or other perfon (hall, within the bills of morta- 

 lity, ride on a cart, dray, or waggon, not having feme per- 

 fon on foot to guide the fame, on forfeiture of ioj'. This 

 penalty is extended to within ten m.iles of London, by 24 

 Geo. II. c. 43, ■ . 



Coals. — By 47 Geo. III. fed. 2. c, 68, the coal exchange 

 fhall J)e a free open market on Monday, Wednefday, and 

 Friday, from twelve o'clock till two, and coals are only to 

 be fold in market hours, under a penalty of 100/. 



Hackney Coaches .-r^^\ie. commilTioners may licence 800 

 by ad 9 Anne, 200 more by 11 Geo. III., and 100 more 

 by 42 Geo. III. ; total i ico. The rates of fares are fixed, 

 and an office is appointed to determine on complaints, 

 which are alio cognizable by magiflrates. 



Paving, njiiing, and clean/nig. — Several a<fts were palTed 

 in the reign of Hen. VIII. for paving parts of the metro- 

 polis. The eallern fuburbs were paved by aft 13 Eliz. 

 Various other afts were pafled in fubfequent reigns for 

 paving the feveral parts which were added to the metro- 

 polis. The ne-iv paving, according to the prelent mode, 

 commenced in 176:5, under an aft paiTed in the preceding 

 year. Before this period iheJlreets were extremely incon~ 

 venient to paifengers, the (tones (moftly Guernfey pebbles) 

 being round, the kennels i;-i the midll, and no level foot- 

 way, as at prefent, for the pedfllrians. The alterations 

 firii took place in Weilminfter, and the improvements pro- 

 grefiiveK'^ extended through mod parts of the metropolis. 

 At this period alio took place the removal of the enormous 

 fjgns wiiich. luing acrofs the ftreets or over the footviays, 

 ar.d, together with their pofts and iron fcroU works, im- 

 peded as well the circulation of the air as the progrefs of 

 the pafiTcnger. 



Lighting. — As early as the year 1416, the inhabitants of 

 Loudon were obliged to hang out lanthoms on winter 

 evenings. Among other improvements in the reign of 

 queen Anne, was the introduction of globular glafs lamps 



with oil burners, inftead of the lanthoms with candles, and 

 common lamps that had previoufly been in ufe. In 1736, 

 an aft of parliament was procured to regulate " the better 

 enlightening the (Ireets, &c." within the city. A com- 

 mittee appointed to carry this aft into execution, reported 

 that " the number of houfes then inhabited and chargeable 

 (;'. e. fuch as were fubjoft to poor-rates) was in all 14,. 14, 

 of which 12S7 were under the rent of icl. per annum; 4741 

 of icA and under 20/. ; 3045 between 20 and 30/. ; 1839 be- 

 tween 30 and 4c/. ; and 3092 of 40/. and upwards. The 

 number of lamps required was 4200, exchifive of fnch as 

 were atta'jhcd to public buildings. They were to be 

 placed at tlie diftance of 25 yards from eacli other in the 

 principal ilreets, and 35 yards in the fmaller llrects and 

 lanes. This was the eommencement of the lyilcm of de- 

 fraying the charges of lighting the metropclls by parochial 

 aflolfnients. Since this time various other afts of parlia- 

 ment have been obtained for different diilrifts in the 

 fuburbs, and it is conjefturcd that more than 30,000 lamps 

 arc lit every night within the bills of mortality. From 

 Lady-day to Michaelmas, a lefs number is ufed than during 

 the other half of the year. In 1737, an aft of parliament 

 was palled for regulating and increaling the city watch, &c. 

 Various acts have been paft for deaiifing the Ilreets, and 

 preferving them from obftruftions and nuifances of every 

 defcription. 



Seivers. — One of the moft efTential objefts in a large 

 city is good drainage ; and in this retpeft London is well 

 provided. Into the deep channel of the Thames, numerous 

 large fewers communicate, and convey all the fuperfluous 

 water, and vaft quantities of filth from the houfes. By 

 afts of the legiflature, a number of perfons, 'flyied com- 

 miffioners of Icwers, are empowered to make and repair 

 fewers, and levy a tax on every hou-^ekeeper towards defray- 

 ing the expences incurred by the fame. An aft of parlia- 

 ment was obtained as early as the reign of Henry VI. on 

 this fubjcft ; and this has been amended and enlarged by fub- 

 fequent afts, 6th Henry VIII. cap. 10; 23d Henry VIII. 

 cap. 5 ; and 25th of fame reign ; afterwards in the 3d and 

 41)1 of Edward VI. ; I ft of Alary ; 1 31I1 of Elizabeth ; 3d 

 of .lames, and 7th of Anne. See Sewers. 



By an aft of parliament pafled in 1737, the number of 

 playboufes was limited to three, and all Cramatic pieces in- 

 tended for the ftage, were firll to be fubjefted to the peru- 

 fal and approbation of the loi-d chamberlain. See FhAy- 

 iiou.se. , 



The Chaiitahle Injlitutions of London arc numerous, of 

 various defcriptions, and of incalculable advantage. Whi.ll 

 they admmifter comfort, health, education, and proteftion 

 to the neceffitous, they refleft much honour on the affluent, 

 and on all the patrons. Thefe coifift of hofpitals, difpen- 

 farles, alms-houfes, charity Ichoois, benefit focieties, and 

 other eftabUlhnients. In a former part of this work, under 

 the word Hospital, will be found accounts of feveral, to 

 which we fhall add a few particulars. In the metropolis 

 are 22 hofpitals for fick, lame, and for pregnant women ; 

 107 alms-houfes fur the maintenance of aged perfons of both 

 fexes ; 18 iiutitutions for the fupport cf the indigent of va- 

 rious other defcriptions ; above 20 difpenfaries for the gratui- 

 tous fupply of medicine and medical aid to th* poor ; 45 free- 

 fchools with perpeti.al endowments, for educating and main- 

 taining 3500 children ; 1 7 other public fcliools for cictertedand 

 poor children ; 237 parifh fchoois, fupported by voluntary 

 contribution, in which about 9000 boys and girls are con- 

 flantly clothed and educated : each parifh has alfo a work- 

 houfe for the maintenance of its own helplefs poor. Ex- 

 cliilive of this ample lift, the feveral livery companies of 

 6 t!t 



