L O N 



Hence it appears tliat the fummers differ much lefs than 

 "the winters. 



The mod ufual variations of temperature within the 

 fpace of 24 hours in every month, are 



Hence is feen the origi'i of vernal and autumnal colds. 

 Mr. Kirwan has (hewn that, propnrtionably to its lati- 

 tude, it is much colder in London than at Edinburgh ; for 

 the mean temperature of Edinburgh in .Taimary is 34° j, 

 and that of London is 35". 9 ; and this difference he afcribes 

 to the fcUowing caufcs : i!h That Edinburgh is not ex- 

 pofed to the Siberian winds as London is.- idly. That 

 . Edinburgh is nearer to the fea. jdly. The rigour of the 

 noi'therly winds is very little moderated, if not increafcd, in 

 paffing from Scotland to us, particularly if- the furfacc of 

 the earth is covered with fnow ; and hence, if we believe 

 Dr. Sir.olkt (Travels to Italy), the whiters are fometimes 

 milder at Edinburi;h than at London. 



LovDOX, a town of America, in Ann-Arundtl county, 

 Maryland ; 5 miles S.W. of Annapolis. 



LoSDOK, The townjhily of, is fituated in Upper Canada, 

 on the main fork of the river Thames, is a central pofition 

 from the lakes Erie, Huron, and Ontario, and oilers many 

 advantages for being the capital of the province. It com- 

 municates with lake St. Clair and the D.--troit by the river 

 Thames ; with lake Huron by the northern branch of the 

 Thames and a fmall portage, and with the Oufe and lake 

 Ontario by the military way called Dundas-ftreet. It 

 abounds with black and white walnut, cherry, bafs, elm, 

 hickory, beech, a^, and many other kinds of timber. It 

 is fupplied with excellent water, and the fituation is 

 bsalthy. 



London Ccvt, a narrow water of Long ifland found, 

 which fets N. into the tn^vnfhip of New London ; 4 miles 

 W. of the moutli of Thames fiver. 



London Harlo-.ir, a bay and harbour on the N. coaft of 

 the ifland of St. John, in the gulf of St. Lawrence. N. lat. 

 46'' 26'. W. long. 670 8'. 



London, iVi-ct'. See New Lon.hn. 

 London Pr'id;, in Gardening, the name of a well-known 

 plant of the fiowcr-kind. See Sa\'IFRAG-\. 



LONDONDERRY, in Gerj^raphj, a county of Ire- 

 land, in the province of Ul'ler. It lies to the weft of 

 Antrim, from which it is in a great meafure feparated by tlie 

 river B:inn. Lough Neagh waflies it on the fouth-eaft ; on 

 the fouth it has Tvror.e, from which it is feparated, in part, 

 by the little river Ballinderry ; on the weft it has Donegal 

 and Lough Foyle; and on the north, that part of the 

 Atlantic ocean which is fometimes called the Deucaledonian 

 fea. A great part of it was given by James I. to tlie twelve 

 London companies, on condition of their fortifying the 

 towns of Derry and Coleraine. From this circumllance, 

 both the county and town were called by the name of 

 Londonderry. It extends 32 Irifh miles from north to 

 fouth, and about llie fame from ea!l to weft, where it is 

 "broadeft. This length and breadth are equal to 40^ 

 "Englifti m.iles. It meafures in area 318,500 Irifli acres, 

 and 479 fquare miles, which, in Englifh meafure, are 

 511,688 acres, and 798 fquare miles, it contains 31 pa- 

 VfjL. XXL 



L O N 



riiTics, whicli have 29 churches, modly in the diocefe of 

 Dcrry ; which fee. 



Londonderry is in general very mountainsus, e.tcepting 

 the eafteni part, adjoining Lough Neagh and the river 

 Bann. The principal hills are Benyevenagh in the north - 

 Sliebh-Gallen in the foutli ; Cairntogher, which fometimc* 

 gives name to the chain extending into the county of Tyrone, 

 and Sawell on the borders of the fame county. The l]i"-heft 

 of thefe, however, 'is not more than iCco feet above the 

 level of the fea. The face of the country, near the fea and 

 the river Bann, bears a great refembiance to that of the 

 adjoining county of Antrim. Bafaltes, intermixed with 

 zeolite, is found on a bed of white limeftr;ne, which is fr nv.-- 

 times concealed by the bafaltes, at-d r(;mttimes (hows itfcif 

 in fteep and elevated rocks, efuecially in Bcnyevcnanh, and 

 the adjacent forelands. The ground about Lough Fovie is, 

 in general, a ftrong loam, which is v.ell adapted for wheat, 

 barley, flax, and potatoes, and which is principally manured 

 by the fliclls procured from the longii. The land in the 

 vallies docs not cor.fiderably differ, except in manure, (hells 

 being at too great a dillance ; a circnmftance which is, in 

 feme meafure, re'-ompenfed by the dcpofils from the m.oun- 

 tain torrents. The river Roe, which priffcs through the 

 middle of the county to Lough Foyle, is thought to feuarate 

 the bafaltic region from the fehiftofe, or fl.ity. TiieVe are 

 in the latcer various kinds of fchid ; and with them arc 

 found pudding ftone, gncifs, and blue limeftone. Sandftone 

 is found univerfally under the bafaltes, and occafionaily 

 intermingled with fchilt. Iron is in great aburdame 

 throughout the county, either in an ochreous (late, or mixed 

 with manganefe. It was formerly fmehed by an ao-ert of 

 tht^Drapers' company, but the fpeculation was unfuccefsful. 

 Boate mentions gold found in Londonderry ; and fom.e 

 fpecimens of quartz containing thin leaves of geld are faid 

 to have been larely met with (A.D. 1802) ; they were 

 found on the furficc, and fuppofed to be adventitious. The 

 (iliceous, or flinty matter, like the calcareous, has f.vo dif- 

 tinft appearances, which denote the regions of which they 

 are the natives. The filica in tlic fchift country is in the 

 character of quartz, and the- lime of the fame country is 

 blueifh and laminated. In the bafaltic country the iilica is 

 in the character of flint, including clialcedony, &c. ; and the 

 lime white, and abounding in marine fubftanccs. Beth the 

 quartz and flint are of various tinges. The former fome- 

 times clear, yellow, brownifli, reddilli, &c. ; the latter horn- 

 coloured, purple, brownidiblack, &c. The flint has fome- 

 times marine i.mpreffious ; the quartz never. Rock crytlals 

 of great hardneis, and wcigliing from one ounce to twelve, 

 are found in the fchiftofe region. The grafs which is mo(l 

 prevalent in this county is the Agroftis llolonifera, called ia 

 Irifli /or/;;, and fo ftrongly recommended for cultivation by 

 Dr. Richardton. It is peculiarly luxuriant in low meadows. 

 The foft meadow grafs (Holcus mollis), is thought to be 

 next in value and predooiinauce, and is that geiiera'.Iv fown. 

 The variety, however, found in other counties, is not want- 

 ing in this. Of other vegetables, the moil rrniarkab'c is the 

 Lichen lomphaloides, which, wlien mainifaftuied, is called 

 litmus, tumfoie, and archi'. Thi^s is found on the rocks 

 in great abundance, and is ufed both for dyeing purple, 

 and in a iimple watery decodion, for giving" woollen 

 goods, fuch as flanneh, an orange-red colour. The flats 

 near the river Bann have a greater extent of bog than is 

 at prefent neceffary for fuel, which bog is in general very 

 reclaimablc. Both this part of tl\e county and the mou.T. 

 tainous dillrict require much imnrovemejit. Some yountr 

 cattle are reared on the mountains, and fome iheep fed. 

 U a TJie 



