L O N 



L O N 



-may he reckoned populous ; and it fupplics large qnantitiea flie province of Re-tcluien, whicli contain"! a city oftlie lliird 

 ■of oats for dillant markets. About Graaard is a line traft clafs under its jurifdidion, and is a place of great trade. N. 

 of dry gravelly land, which is much ufed for fattening cattle, lat. 33 ' 22'. E. long. 104" 18'. 



Lime-tlone is lu re abundant 4 and it is furprifing that, with I.ONG-HOU-KOEN a town of China, in the province 

 this advantage, fo little has been done towards reclaiming of Hou-quang ; 52 miles S.S.W. of Tao. 

 the bogs. In other parts of the county, the foil is in gene- LONGIANO, a town of Italy, in the department of 



the Rubicon ; 12 miles N.W, of Rimini. 



LONGIMETRY, the art of meaiuring lengths, both 

 accefiiblc, as roads, &c. and inacceflible, as arms of the 



Drineinallv railed. The linen manufafture has fpread much '^' ^'^■. . . r.- » j , 



^ou h Lon.>ford. Spinning is univerfal, and there are Long.metry .s a part of trigonome ry, and a dependant 



iniou,,ii x>uii,, — t^ , h „„,,', . on gconnetry, m the fame manner as altimetry, planimetry, 



itercometry, &c. 



The art of longimetry fee under tlie names of the inftru- 



ments ufed in it, particularly Theodolitk, Chain, Dis- 



ral a vegetable mould on the furface for three or more 

 inches deep ; under that, two inches thick of blue clay, 

 which retains water ; below this is yellow clay for two or 

 three feet ; and then lime-llonc gravel. Oats is the grain 



now many weavers. The iiicreafe of the latter has been at- 

 tributed to the liberal condud of a gentleman, in giving 

 coo/, to be lent to poor weavers, in fums of 5/. each, which 

 were to be repaid by quarterly payments of 2p. The 

 benefits attending fuch loans to the poor have been expe- 

 rienced in many places,; and if care be taken in the manage- 

 ment, it is a mode of aiTifting them which encourages their 

 in'lullry, and can never be called a premium for iiildnejs and 

 ■ extravagance. There are alfo fome bleach greens ; and great 

 quantities of yarn are fent to diftant mai'kels. 



In the northern part of the county, near Lough Gaw- 

 ijafh, is a very rich iron ore in great abundance, not in thin 



TANCE, &C. See alfo MjiNiUKATION. 



LONGING in pregnant women, an inordinate defire for 

 fome particular kind of food, which, if denied, or not pro- 

 cured for them, was fuppofcd to occafion walling, and 

 fometimes hyftcric alfettions, in the women, and on tlie 

 child, befides impairing its health, to imprefs tlie figure of 

 the ohjedt longed for. This affetlion, which heretofore oc- 

 cdfioned in families much anxiety and unealinef?, feems 



beds,' as that in the mountains near Lough Allen, and at wearing away, juft iu proportion as the belief in witches^. 



Arigna in the adjoining county of Leitrim, but in folid 

 .rocks. It is of a dark red colour, and breaks into fmall 

 (helving pieces. There are alfo indications of coal in the 

 fame neighbourhood. Longford is well watered. The 

 Shannon forms its weftcrn boundary, and the Inny croffes 



gliofts, and liobgob'ins vanifhes, or as reafon and common 

 fcnfe procure an afcendency over fuperllition and impollure. 

 See that part of the article Concli'Tion, which treats of 

 pica. 



LONGINUS, DiONY.'tlus, in Biography, celebrated for 



it in the fouth. Lough Gawnagh, which covers feveral his treatife on the fublime, flouridied in the third century, 

 acres is in the north; and fome fmall rivers flow into the and is fuppofcd by fome to have been a native of Alliens, 

 Shannon, on one of which, called the Camlin, the town of by others of Syria. In his youtli he travelled for improve. 



Longford is fituated. It is intended that the Royal Canal 

 fhouid crofs this cou;!ty, and join the Shannon at Tarmon- 

 bury.; a meafure which cannot fail of leading to much im 



mcnt : he was known at Rome, Alexandria, and other 

 cities diftinguifiied for Hterature; and attended upon the 

 leftures of all the eminent mailers in eloquence and philo- 

 Such was the extent of his erudition, that he was 



provement, if it (hould be ever completed. The towns are fophy. Such 

 fmall. For Longford, the county town, fee the next ar- ftyled by his contemporaries " tlie living library." He 

 tide- and for Granard and Lanelborough, thofe names in appears to have taught pliilofophy at Athens, where Por- 

 this work. Edfreworthllown, which was by fome accident phyry was one of his .lifciples. He was invited to the court 

 ■omitted in the proper place, may be noticed hei-e. It is not, of Palmyra, by its illullrioiis queen Zenobia, wlio took his 

 indeed, remarkable for its fize, but it is remarkable for the inllruftions in the Greek language, and made ufe of his 

 refidence of a family, which is dillinguifhed for literary and counfels on poli'ical occafions. This dillinftion was fatal 

 fcientific attainments. The name of Maria Edgeworth is to him ; he was executed by order of the emperor Aurelian, 

 too well known, and her talents as a pleaiing and ufeful who proved vifiorious over the troops of Zenobia, and. 

 author too •rcnerally acknowledged, to need the praife of took her prifoner. The queen, to fave herfelf, imputed 

 the writer of this article. The fame may be faid of her the refillance which llie made to her counfeilors, of whom 

 lively, ingenious, and patriotic father, Richard Lovell I>o:iginus was fufpefted to be the principal. The philo- 

 Ed.Teworlh ; and there is reafon to expeft tliat fome of the fophy of Longinus fupported him in the hour of his trial, 

 -Youn=>-er branches of this family will add to a celebrity al- and he fubmitted to his fate with refignation and cheerfnl- 

 ready°very great. The writer has before him the reports of nefs. This event took place in the year 273. Gibbon ob- 

 the bof comniifTioncrs, the eighth of which contains many fervcs on this circumltance, that the fame of Longinus will 

 proofs^of the ingenuity ot Mr. William Edgeworth. Mr. furvive that of the queen who bi'trayed, or the tyrant who 

 Edirewcrth's houfe and the adjoining church contain many condemned him. Genius and learning were incapable of 

 proofs of his mechanical ikiU. moving a fierce unlettered foldier, but they had lerved to 



The wtiole of the comity of Longford was formerly called elevate and liarmonife the foul of Lon,.'inus. Without ut- 

 Annaly, and was a principality fo late as the fifteenth cen- tering a complaint, he calmly followed the executioner, 

 tnrv. It is now only reprefented in parliament by two pitying his unhappy miilrefs, and beftowiug comfort on his 

 •knig-hts of the fhire ; though it had, before the union, no afFlided friends. He was author of numerous writings, 



- ■ ' ' ' 1 ■ 1 r _. . _ L -. — u jjj. p^.ji-(-e 1,35 coUeftcd the titles of twenty-five; but his 



treatife on th.e fublime, already referred to, is the only one 

 remaining ; and this, as is well known to fcholars, is in a 

 mnii'ited and imperfect Itate. I'he bcft editions of it are 

 thofe of Hudfon, Ptaice, and Toup. It has been tranf- 

 lated into the Enghfh ; but it is one of thofe works which 

 fcarcely admits of a tranllation. Speaking of this treatife, 

 Mr. .Smith, the tranflator, fays, " It is one of thofe valu- 



4 able 



lefs"than four boroughs, which fent two members each. 

 Beaufort, &c. 



LoxGFOUT), a -poft-town of the county of Longford, 

 Ireland, of which it is the (hire town. It is fituated on the 

 river Camlin, and is of tolerable fize, and pretty well built. 

 It has a cha'ter fchooi for 60 boys. Longford is 59 miles 

 W.N.W. from, Dublin. Beaufort and Carhfle. 



iONG-GNAN, a city of China, of the Ikil rank, in 



