L O N 



L O N 



Longitude, Angle of. See Angle. 

 Longitude, Argument of. See Argument. 

 Longitude, Circles of. See Circle. 

 Longitude, Degrees of. See Degree. 

 Longitude, Parallax of. See Parallax. 

 Longitude, Refradlon of See Refraction. 

 Longitude of Motion, \% ufed by Dr. Wallis for the mea- 

 fure of motion, eftimated according to the line of direc- 

 tion ; on which principle, longitude of motion is the diftance, 

 or length, which the centre of any moving body runs 

 through, as it moves on in a right line. 



The fame author calls the meafure of any motion, efti- 

 mated according to the line of direftion of the vis motrix, 

 the altitude of it. 



BeUini alfo ufes the terms longitude and altitude in the 

 fame fenfe, in many places of his writings, which an ordinary 

 reader finds hard to underftand, for want of this interpreta- 

 tion. By altitude alfo in his 19th propofition De Febribus, 

 he makes the thicknefs of the vifcid matter in the blood-vef- 

 fels ; or the greateft length a vifcid particle is extended into, 

 from the fide of a canal to its axis. 



LONGITUDINALIS Sinus, a name given to two of 

 the venous cavities of the dura mater ; they are diilinguifhed 

 by the epithets fuperior and inferior. See Vein. 



LONGJUMEAU, in Geography, a town of France, in 

 the department of the Seine and Oife, and chief place of a 

 canton, in the diilrift of Corbeil ; 10 miles S. of Paris. 

 The place contains 1434, and the canton 13,650 inhabit- 

 ants, on a territory of 4-i kiliometres, in 2 J communes. 



LONGNESS Point, a cape on the S. coaft of the Ifle 

 of Man ; 10 miles S.S.W. of Douglas. 



LONGOBARDO, a town of Naples, in Calabria 

 Citra ; 10 miles S.W. of Cofenza. 



LONGOBUCO, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra ; 

 14 miles S. of Rofano. 



LONGOMONTANUS, Christian, in Biography, an 

 eminent Danifh aftronomer, fon of a labouring peafant, was 

 born at Longomontium, a village in Jutland, whence he took 

 his furname, in the year 1562. His father was anxious to 

 afford him a good education, but dying before he was eight 

 years of age, he was, committed to the care of an uncle, who 

 finding the expence devolved on him by the lad more than 

 he could bear, advifed him to return to his mother, and to 

 earn his living by the fweat of his brow. The youth, who 

 fhewed a great inclination for learning, was mortified at the 

 propofal, but not wholly difheartened ; he returned to the 

 labours of an agricultural life, and at the fame time improved 

 _ every leifure moment in acquiring ufeful knowledge. At 

 length he was driven, by the jealoufies of his brothers, to 

 quit his home, and he fought an afylum at Wiburg, where 

 there was a college. Here he fpent eleven years, and made 

 great progrefs in the mathematical fciences, though he was 

 at the fame time obliged to fupport himfelf by his induftry. 

 From Wiburg he went to Copenhagen, and became an af- 

 Cftant to Tycho Brahe, with whom he continued eight 

 years. During this perod, he afforded Tycho much affift- 

 ance in obferving the heavens and in his calculations, and 

 was fo accurate and laborious, and at the fame time fo Ikil- 

 ful, that he became the confidential friend of that great man. 

 At length he returned to his native country, with the higheft 

 recommendations from Tycho, who fumilhed him with mo- 

 ney to defray the expenc&s of fo long -a journey. He tra- 

 velled through Poland, in order that he might have a fight 

 of the place which witneffed Copernicus's aftronomical la- 

 bours. At Copenhagen he met with a noble-hearted patron 

 in the chancellor Chriftian Friis, who afforded him an ho- 

 nourable employment in his family. In 160C he wasnomi- 

 VoL. XXI. 



nated to a profefTorfhip of mathematics in the univerfity of 

 Copenhagen, a fituation which had ever been the objeft of 

 his higheft ambition, and for which his genius and talents pe- 

 cuharly qualified him ; and he difcharged the duties of it 

 with the greateft ability, and higheft reputation, till his 

 death, which took place in 1647, when he was about the 

 age of eighty-five. He was author of many valuable 

 works, of which the moft diilinguifhed is entitled " Aftro- 

 nomia Danica,"' which contains all the great difcoveries of 

 Regiomontanus, Purbach, and Tycho Brahe. The titles of 

 his other works are given in Hutton's Diftionary. Obfcure 

 as his native place and father were, he contrived to immor- 

 talize both, by taking his name from the village, and in the 

 title-page to fome of his works, calling himfelf Severini 

 filius, his father's name being Severin, or Severinus 



LONGOTOMA, in Geography, a town of Chili, on the 

 N. fide of a river of the fame name, that runs into the Pa- 

 cific ocean, S. lat. 31- 30'. The town is diftant 84 miles 

 S. from Coquimbo. 



LONGSPIEL, a very ancient mufical inftrument, found 

 by fir Jofeph Banks and Dr. Solander in Iceland, when 

 they vifited that country in 1773. This inftrument, of a 

 long and narrow form, and ftrung with four itrings of 

 copper, is extremely rude and clumfy. One of the four 

 ftrings is ufed as a drone, the reft are played with a bow. 

 Pieces of wood are placed at different diftances on the 

 finger-board, to ferve as frets. It feems, indeed, to have 

 been the primitive idea of a fiddle, and is a proof that 

 the ufe of the bow, that wonderful engine, which the an- 

 cients, with all their ingenuity and mufical refinements, had 

 never been able to difcover, and which has been rendered fo 

 miraculous, was known by the Scalds in Iceland, at leaft as 

 early as in any other part of Europe. See Scalds. 



LONG-TAN, in Geography, a town of Corea ; 42 

 miles S. of Hetfin. 



LONG-TCHANG CHING, a town of China, in 

 Chang-tong ; IJ miles E. of Tci-nan. 



LONG-TCHIAN, a raounuin of Thibet. N. lat. 27° 

 48'. E. long. 86 39'. 



LONG-TCHUEN, a town of Corea; 55 miles W.N.W. 

 of Han-tcheou. 



LONGTOWN, a market town in the parifh of Arthu- 

 ret and ward of Efkdale, in the county of Cumberland, 

 England, is fituated on the borders of Scotland, near the 

 conflux of the rivers Ellc and Liddel, g miles diftant from 

 Carlifle, and 313 N. from London. Thehoufesare moftly 

 built in the modern ftyle, and fome of the ftreets are regular 

 and fpacious. At the north-end of the town is a (tone 

 bridge over the Eflf. Longtov.n was returned to parlia- 

 ment, in the year 180 1, as containing 176 houfes, inhabited 

 by 1335 perfons, of whom 648 were Itated to be employed 

 in trades and manufaftures. A market is held on Thurf- 

 days ; gnd two fairs annually. Longtown Hands in" the 

 midft of the eftate of fir James Graham, of Nethcrby, 

 whofe predecefTor, Dr. Robert Graham, may be confidered 

 as having been the principal caufe of the profperous ttate of 

 this part of Cumberland. Under his patronage Longtown 

 became populous ; and by conflruding the little harbour at 

 Sai-kfoot, he furniflied the people with an eafy mode of 

 exporting their produce and fupplying ihemfclves with ne- 

 ceifaries. 



Netherby, the feat of fir James Graham, is much cele- 

 brated in the topographical annals of this county, from 

 the vaft improvements that were made here during the latter 

 part of the lafl century ; nor is it lefs interefling to the an- 

 tiquary from the aflemblage of Roman remains that have 

 been here preferved ; and trom its having been a Roman 

 3 E ftation. 



