LOU 



L O TT 



French and Swifs merchants have been accuftomed to meet 

 here for the purpofes of commerce. The place contains 

 2849, and the canton 12,211 inhabitants, on a territory of 

 140 kiUometres, in 10 communes; 15 miles S.E. of Cha- 

 lons fur Saone. N. lat 46 38'. E long. 5 18'. 



LOUICHEA CervinAj in Botany, fo named by 

 I'Heriticr, in honour of his countryman M. Rene Lo\iiche 

 Desfontaines, M.D. ProfefTor of Botany at Paris, in a mo- 

 nograph of which 1 2 copies only were printed ; fee Hbri- 

 TIER. The plant was afterwards difcovered to be Pleran- 

 thus of Forflcall ; fo that it appeared in I'Heritier's S'/zV/ifx 

 Nova, t. 65, under the appellation of Louichea Pteranthus. 

 It is indeed the Camphorofma Pteranthiu of Linnaeus, Mant 

 41 ; fee Camphokosma. If any future botanill (hould 

 determine this plant to be a diftinft genus, it m)ift retain 

 the name of Pteranlhus ; not only for the fake of its apti- 

 tude and priority, but becaufe another genus is now confe- 

 crated to thehonour of M. Desfontaines. See Fontanesia. 



LOVIGNANO, in , Geography, a town of Naples, in 

 the province of Otranto ; 12 miles S.S.W. of Brindifi. 



LOUIS XII. of France, in Biography. See .TosQuls 

 DU Pri^s. ' 



Louis XIII This prince(fee Lewis), who began his 

 reign in 1610, at only fix years old, is faid to have been not 

 only a lover and encouragcr of the art of mufic in riper years, 

 but to have compofed feveral airs with the affillance of Beau- 

 champ, his firll violin, who made the bafe. Recueil d'aire de 

 cour. 



Pere Merfenne, Kircher, and later mufical writers, have 

 given, as a fpecimen of his invention, an air for a grand 

 dance, in 1618, before he was fifteen years old. Les vingt 

 quatre violons dii rot fubfillcd in the time of Henry IV.; 

 but thefe feem only to have been employed for dancing. 

 The lute was more an inftrument of parade in thefe times 

 than any other ; and in 1609, Mary de Medicis, Henry 

 IVth's fecond queen, was followed in a grand dance by 

 twelve lutes, led by Ballard, the principal luteniil of the 

 court : and all the numerous colleftions of the court airs at 

 this time were printed in the lute tablature, or notation, 

 to which they were fet by the authors of the tunes them- 

 felves. The moft minute and fatisfadory account of the 

 ftate of mufic in France, during the reign of Loais XIII. 

 is to be found in the writings of Pere Merfenne, particu- 

 larly in his " Harmonie Univerfelle," publilhed at Paris in 

 1636, in folio, a work which he afterwards compreffed, and 

 trandated into Latin, and publifhed in 1648, the year of 

 his death, under the title " De Sonorum Natura, Caufis 

 et Effe ibus." A work in which, through all the parti- 

 ality to his country, want of tafte and method, there are 

 fuch innumerable curious refearches, and ingenious and phi- 

 lofophical experiments, of which fubfequent writers on mufic 

 have availed tbemfelves, particularly Kircher, as render the 

 book extremely valuable. In his twenty-third propofition, 

 liv. i. this author explains and defcribes twelve different 

 kinds of mufic and movement ufed in France daring his 

 time : thefe were motets, fongs or airs, paffacailles, pavans, 

 allemandes, gaillards, voltes, courantes, farabandes, canaries, 

 branles, and balets, of all which he gives examples in notes. 

 But though moft of thefe movements were the fpecific 

 names of the d-ances then in vogue, the minuet, which, 

 during the laft century, vvas in fuch general ufe and favour 

 all over Europe, is never mentioned. 



Louis XIV. This ma^'uificent prince (fee Lewis), whofe 

 ambition was not confined to extenfion of empire, feems to 

 hafre patronifed mufic, and to kave efiabliflied an opera in his 

 capital, more as a fplendd fpeftacle, which no other fovereign 

 SOuld afford to fupport, than from the pleafure which he 



9 



received from modulated found. He was, however, during 

 his minority, taught thu guitar by an Italian, whom cardinal 

 Mazarin fent for exprefsly from Italy ; but as the aftion* 

 and faculties of this young monarch were to be regarded as 

 wonderful, he is faid by his flatterers, in eighteen months to 

 have excelled his mailer (Hift. de la Muf), and to have 

 undertlood mufic in perfeftion. Indeed, the firll dramatic 

 mufic which he heard was Italian ; a« cardinal Mazarin, 

 during the minority of ihis prince, had two operas in Ita- 

 lian vcrfe, and frt to Italian mufic, performed by a company^ 

 of Italian fingers fent from Italy, to imprefs the court of 

 France with a favourable idea of the faftiionable mufic of 

 his country. The firll of thefe operas, performed at the 

 Bourbon palace in 1645, feems to have been a burletta. ItB 

 title was " La Fefta Teatrale della Finta Pazza," written 

 by Giulio Strozzi, but by whom fet does not appear. The 

 fecond was " Orfco et Eundice,'' 1647. Befides thefe, 

 at the nuptials of Louis XIV. 1660, " Ercole Amante,'" 

 a ferious Italian opera, was performed in the fame manner, 

 and well received at court by the flatterers of the cardinal, 

 fays the continuator of Bonnet's Hiflory of Mufic. M. de 

 Blainville, however, in his fhi rt Hiftory of Mulic, fays, that 

 he had feen the fcore of this opera, " and found, in exa- 

 mining it, all the recitatives, airs, chorufes, fymphonies, 

 and dances, both in melody and harmony, of the fame kind 

 as thofe of LuUi.'' And at the time that Lulli came into 

 into France, 1646, the opera in Italy had made but a fmall 

 progrefs towards that perfeftion at which it afterwards ar- 

 rived. It then confifted chiefly of recitative with frequent 

 clofes, ad libitum, and chorufes, but no airs or nieafured 

 melody for a fingle voice. And in this Hate the opera con- 

 tinued in France till the death of Rameau, and arrival of 

 Gluck and Piccini at Paris ; while in all the capitals of 

 Italy and Germany, melody was polifhed, taile refined, mo- 

 dulation extended, and harmony enriched by new combina- 

 tions. Whatever horror and hatred the ambition of Louis 

 might have excited in his neighbours, and envy by his mag- 

 nificence, his moll bitter and irreconcileable enemies mull 

 have allowed that mufic was the only one of all the arts and 

 fcieiices whicli was not fuccefsfuUy cultivated in France, 

 during the profperous part of his long and fplendid reign. 

 Indeed the failure of mufic was not fo much owing to want 

 of genius and love of the art in the natives, as to the nafal 

 tones and natural cantilena of their language ; nor would 

 the reft of Europe have fo difliked, cenfured, and con- 

 temned their mufic, if they had not at all times infifted 

 on its being the bell in the univerfe, and the model which all 

 other nations ought implicitly to follow. 



Louis, Anthony, an eminent French furgeon, was born 

 at Metz on the 1 3th of February 1723. He attained to great 

 reputation in his profeflion, and was honoured with numerous 

 appointments and offices, the juft rewards <if his merit. He 

 was fccretary of the Royal Academy of Surgery at Paris, 

 confulting furgeon to the king's forces, furjeon-major to the 

 hofpital La Charite, dodlor in furgery of the faculty of 

 Halle, in Saxony, hon.3rary member of the Royal College 

 of Phyficians of Nancy, and member of many of the learned 

 focieties, not only in France, but in foreign countries. The 

 time of his death is not known, but the lateft of his publica- 

 tions is dated in 1777. In addition to the furgical part of 

 the " Ericyclopedie,'' which M. Louis wrote, and to fe- 

 veral interefting papers prefented to the Academy of Sur- 

 gery, he was author of a great number of works on medi- 

 cal, chirurgical, and anatomical fubjefts, the principal of 

 which we fliall mention. " Obfervations fur I'Eledlricite,'' 

 &c. Paris, 1741, izmo: " EfTai fur la Nature del' Ame, oil 

 I'on tache d'expliquer ton union avec le corps," ibid. 1746, 



l2mo. : 



