L O Y 



L O V 



rica, in Norllmmberland county, Pennfylvania, whicli runs 

 into the W. fide of the branch of Sufqiiehannah river, from 

 the N.E. ; 26 miles from Sunbury. It is navigable 20 or 

 ;o miles up for batteanx of 10 tons. N. lat. 41 ij'. W. 

 long. 77 i'. 



LOYHA, a fmali ifland on the E. fide of the gulf of 

 Bothnia. N. lat. 65 6'. E. long. 25 . 



I..OYOLA, Ignatius di:, in Biography, celebrated as 

 the founder of the order of Jcfuits, was defcended from a 

 noble Spanidi family, and born in 1491, at the ciflle of 

 Loyola, in the province of Gnipufcoa, whence he derived 

 his fnrname. At an eariy age he was appointed page at 

 the court of Ferdinand and I'abella, a id was iliewn diftin- 

 guiflied marks of favour. ■ Bnt the indo'ence and famenefs 

 of a cciirtier's life did not accord with young Loyola's 

 aclive difpofition ; he panted for fame, and to attain to a 

 confpicLioiis fituation, he determined to enter into the army. 

 He was taken under the patronage of the dnke de Najara, 

 a grandee of Spain, a foldier of high reputation, and under 

 his aufpices. he palfed through different degrees of mihtary 

 rank, and difcovercd on all occalions great courage, and a 

 ilrong attachment to the fervice. His morals, which had 

 been corrupted at court, were not reformed in the army, 

 .vhere, following the example of thofe about him, he ad- 

 dicted himfelf to the licentioufnefs too prevalent in the mi- 

 litary life ; he was, however, poffelTed of a high fenfe of 

 honour, was frank, difinterefted, and generous, and much 

 beloved by thofe who lervej under him. In lj'2r, he had 

 the command of the citadel of Pampclunn, thirn befieged by 

 the French, and after difplaying the utmoll valour in re- 

 pulfing the enemy, he was in a moment difabled by a fevere 

 wound in the left leg, and by a cannon (hot which broke 

 his right. Tlie garrifon having thus loll the example of 

 their leader, furrendered at difcretion. The French paid 

 every attention to Lovola, and as foon as he was in a Hate 

 fit to be moved, they fent him in a litter to his native place. 

 It was a conliderable time before a cure was effetted, and 

 during that period he happened to have no other fource of 

 amufement than what he found in reading the lives of the 

 faints, the effect of which on his mind, was to infpire him 

 with a delire of emulating the glory of the mod celebrated 

 among them. From this time he refolved to renounce the 

 vanities of the world, to vilit the Holy Land, and to de- 

 vote himfelf to an auftere religious life. Hence he imder- 

 took a pilgrimage to our lady of Montferrat, to hang up 

 his arms near her altar. His zeal at this time was without 

 all bounds ; he attempted to take away the life of a perfon 

 who fuggefted a doubt whether the Virgin Mary had re- 

 mained pure and immaculate after her delivery. Having 

 arrived at Montferrat, he adopted a new method of confe- 

 crating himfelf to the fervice of the Virgin ; he flripped off 

 his clotlics, which he gave to a poor man, put on a coarfe 

 garment of fackcloth, girded himfelf with a cord, from 

 which was fufpcnded a gourd for carrying water, put a 

 matted fhoe on one foot, which had not yet recovered the 

 injury produced by his wounds, leaving the other naked 

 and his head expofed to the violence of the weather, and 

 lubliituling in the place of his lance a plain crab-tree ftaff. 

 Thus equipped, he prefented himfelf before the altar of the 

 Holy Virgin, hung his military weapoiis on a pillar near the 

 altar, and watched all night, fometimes kneeling and fome- 

 timts tlanding, devoting himfelf as a champion. Early in 

 the following morning Loyola departed on foot for Man- 

 refa, three leagues from Montferrat, intending to go through 

 •I courle of penance, by way of preparation for his expedi- 

 tion to the Holy Land. He underwent, for the fpace of 

 twelve months, the mod rigorous mortifications of every 



kind, after which he commenced his labours of fpiritual m- 

 hortation, both in private families and in public places, and 

 in a very (hort time he publillied his book entitled " Spiri- 

 tual Exercifes." Loyola, intent upon vifiting the Holy 

 Land, embarked for Italy, and proceeded to Rome to ob- 

 tain the pope's bleffing, which he obtained from Adrian VI. 

 with leave to puifue his pilgrimage to Jerufalem. After 

 vifiting the fcenes of our Saviour's principal tranfaftions in 

 that city, and the furrounding country, and going through 

 the exercifes ufually performed by pilgrims, Loyola formed 

 the defign of remaining in Pak-lHne, for the purpofe of 

 devoting himfelf to the convcrfion of the inhabitants of the 

 Eaft. This defign he communicated to the father guardian 

 of the Francifcans, by whom he was referred to the father- 

 provincial, who, aware of the danger of the enterprife, 

 refufed his confent, and fent Loyola back to Europe. At 

 Barcelona he commenced a courfe of fchool learning, which 

 he completed in two years, and then went to the univerfity 

 of Alcala de Henares, where he fuffcred himfelf to be 

 diverted to other objedls belides literature, and of courfe 

 made but a mean progrefs in his ftudies. He had taken as 

 his model the works of Thomas a Kempis, which he was 

 perpetually reading. He fpent a confiderable portion of 

 his time in the fervice of the lick, in begging excurfions, 

 and in inftructing and exhorting the people. Loyola had 

 now affociated himfelf with four companions who imitated 

 his plans of life, and looked up to him as a matter and 

 leader. Their different drefs, and extraordinary manner of 

 living, induced multitudes to become their followers : this 

 awakened the jealoufy of the inquifitors, who iniUtuted en- 

 quiries relative to Loyola's doflrine and behaviour, and 

 having found that he was a believer in the found faitli, he 

 was difmiffed. After this he v^'as fome time imprifoned <,n 

 the fafpicion of having perfuaded a lady of rank and her 

 daughter to undertake a long pilgrimage barefoot. Being 

 liberated, he went to Salamanca, and was a fecond time 

 imprifoned through the interference of the Dominican 

 monks, who were jealous of his popular exertions in a reli- 

 gious courfe. He was now determined to abandon his 

 native country, where he was fubjeCl to fo many hindrances 

 in what he conceived the way of his duty : he accordincrly 

 went to Paris in 1528, where he re-commenced the fludy of 

 the Latin language at Montague college ; went through a 

 courfe of philofophy in the college of St. Barbara, and 

 ftudied divinity under the Dominicans. His zeal in inftruft- 

 ing others expofed him to trouble in Paris, as it had dene 

 in the Spanilli univerfities, and he narrowly efcaped whip- 

 ping in St. Barbara's college-hall. No fuffering had the 

 effeft of cooling his zeal ; he formed an affociation among 

 the fcholars of that college, the members of which took a 

 vov.- to conform to a flridt religious difcipline, and to engage 

 in a new undertaking for promoting the interefts of the 

 Catholic faith. They agreed to preach in public places, 

 and in every place where they could obtain permiflion, re- 

 commending the beauty and rewards of virtue, and pointing 

 out the deformity and punifliments of vice, and this in a 

 fimple evangelical manner, without the vain ornaments of 

 eloquence ; that they (hould inffrucl children in the Chrif- 

 tian doClrine, and the principles of right conduft, and that 

 they (hould receive no money for exercifing their functions, 

 but be governed in all their proceedings' by a view to the 

 glory ot God. The fociety thus formed was to be deno- 

 minated " The Company of Jefus. " Loyola was now 

 anxious to obtain the approbation of the pope, in order 

 that a new inilitution might be formed under his fanction. 

 His holinefs, Paul III. referred the petition .of Loyola to 

 the committee of cardinals, who violently oppofed the efta- 



3 Z 2 blifliment 



