L U D 



cotyledons for the purpofes of arrangement. We liave not 

 fecn this treatife. What he offers relative to this matter and 

 others, at tlie end of his work iirft mentioned, gives no ex- 

 alted idea of his judgment. The above name has never been 

 ellablifhed, the plant of Adanfon being elleemed a Tctrago- 

 nia. It is curious that Boehmer, in his difTertation upon 

 plants named after botanills, fuppofes the Ludolfia to have 

 been called after Job Ludolf, author of the Hi/icria JEth'io- 

 pica, being ignorant, as it fcems, of the exiitence of the 

 Cerlin profeflor ; but we can have no doubt that Adanfon 

 meant to commemorate the latter. 



LUDSCHliN, in Geography, a town of Priiffia, in 

 •Oberland ; 7 miles E S.E. of Marianwcrder. 



LUDSWIGSBURG, a town of Wunemberg, contain- 

 ing two elripcls, one for Roman Catholics and another for 

 Lutherans, and a fine pidure gallery, a pleafant garden, and 

 -an old cattle. Ttie manufactures of this place are clo!h, 

 damailc hnen, and marble paper; 16 miles S. of Heilbron. 

 N. lat. 48 54'. E. long. 9° 18'. 



Thougli Stuttgard was m 1772 llic nominal capital of the 

 duchy ot Wiirtemherg, it had not, for the preceding ten 

 years, been tlie refsdonce of its fovereign. And ihoiigh 

 <the operas and mnlicai ellabliflimetits of this prince ufed 

 to be the moit fplendid in Europe, during the (even years' 

 direftion of Jomelli, they were, ;it the time jull mentioned, 

 but the (liadow of what they hadhven. In Burncy's Ger- 

 man Tour, there is a lift of his ferene highnefs's mufical 

 cilablilhments, at their moft flourifiiing time, as well as at 

 that of their declenfion. 



In 1 77 1 he had two new ferious operas, the one com- 

 pofed by Jomelli, and the other by Sacchini, entirely at his 

 own expence. The theatre is immenfe, and is open at the 

 back of the ftsge, where there is an amphitheatre in the 

 open an-, which is iometimes filled with people to produce 

 effefts in perfpeftive. It is built, like all other German 

 theatres, on the Italian model. 



The prince svho reigr.cd in 1772 was hin.felf a good 

 harpiicliord player; Emanuel Bach dedicated to his high- 

 nefs the bed book of fix fonatas which he ever compoled, 

 printed at Nurcmburg. At one time this duke had in his 

 fervice three of the grc-ateit performers on the violin in 

 Europe ; Ferari, Nardiui, and Lolli : on the hautbois, the 

 two PLif, and Schwartz, a famous baftbon, with Walther 

 on the French horn, and Jomelli to compofe, for the beft 

 ferious ami comic fingers of Italy. At Srlitude, a favourite 

 country palace, a confervatorio was eftablifhed for the edu- 

 .cation of two hundred poor and deferted male children of 

 proraifing talents ; Qf ihefe a great number were taught 

 mufic, and from thcfe his highnefs had already drawn feveral 

 excellent vocal and inltrumental performers for his t'iieatre ; 

 fome were taught the learned languagnes and cultivated 

 poetry ; others were initiated into the practice of the ftage, 

 as aclors and dancers. At Ludfwigfbu'g the^ was a conler- 

 vatorio for a hundred girls, who were educated in the fame 

 mannei-, and for the fame purpofes. The building con- 

 ftrufted at Solitude for the reception of the boys, has a 

 front of fix or feven hundred feet. It ufed to be the fa- 

 vourite amufement of the duke to vifit the fcliool, to fee 

 the children dine and take their leffons. 



L.UDUS Helmontii, fo called from Van Helmont, 

 who extolled its medicinal virtues, in Natural Hijlory, an 

 opaque foflil of an irregular (hape, but of a very regular and 

 fingular internal ftruCture. It is of an earthy hue, and al- 

 ways divided into feparate mafles, by a number of veins of 

 a different colour, and purer matter than the fefl. Thefe 

 maffes, into which it is divided, are fometimes fmall and 

 jrelty reguiarly fi^ ured ; in which cafe, they are called tall 



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or hit, d'tci ; but they are more FrequpntJy of no regular 

 (hape at all. There are others of them cruitated, or com- 

 pofed of many coats, difpofcd one over another about a 

 central nucleus. In thefe the f^pta, or dividing veins, are 

 very thin and fine, in the others thicker. 



Thefe fepta were ufed in medicine, being given in nephri- 

 tic complaints, as it lias been faid, with fuccefs : the dofe 

 from a fcruple to a drachm. 



LUDWIG, Christian Theophilus, in Biography, 

 was born in Silefia in 1709, and educated for the medical 

 profelTion. Having a ftrong bias towards natural hiftory, 

 he was appointed to accompany Hebcnitreit in his expedi- 

 tion to the north of Africa. (See Hebe ;.streit. ) Soon 

 after his return in 17^3, lie became Piofeffor of Medicine 

 at Leipfic. The firit thefis defended there under his prefi- 

 dency, in 1736, related to the manner in which marine 

 plants are nouriflied. Thefe he fhewed to differ effentially 

 from the generality of the vegetable kingdom, as not de- 

 riving their noiirifhment by the root. In 1737 he publifhed 

 a Programma in fupport of the doftrine of the fexes of 

 plants, from his own obfervations upon the date palm. Two 

 years afterwards he, neverilielels, advanced fome objeftions 

 to the Linnaean fyflem of arrangement by ihe organs of im- 

 pregnation, under the tit'e of Obfa-vat'iones in Methoduni 

 Plantarum Sexualem Cel. Linmfi. This work begins with 

 much jull commendation of Linnasns, and even wi:h great 

 admiration of his fyttc.ii ; accompanied however by an at- 

 tempt at depriving !iim of the merit of originality, by in- 

 finuating that thrs fyftem had been " indicated by others ;" 

 without faying by whom. Thefe words are underlined by 

 Linnxus in his own copy of the difTertation. They are as 

 little to the purpofe as the fimilar charge of plagiarifm 

 brought againll the iuimortal Harvey. He proceeds to de- 

 tail various difficulties and millakes, which occurred to him 

 in his fcrutiny of this fyftem, fome of which relate to mat- 

 ters of opinion, others to anomalies or variations in Nature 

 herfelf. His remarks however are free from afpcrity or 

 ihiberality. He chiefly fail.";, in point of judgment, when 

 he blames Linnasus for making any particular charadler im- 

 portant in one genus or family, and not in all ; not perceiv- 

 ing that the very effence of Ikiil, in technical diicrimination 

 and arrangement of natural productions, confifts in difcover- 

 ing, in each particular cafe, what is the moft effential for 

 the purp>,fe in view. We do not f..e why his differtations, 

 " de m'muendU plar.larum gener'tbus" publifhed in 1 737, and 

 " de mimundis plantarum fpec'u'biis," in 1740, fiiould be deemed 

 inimical to Linnasus, to whom he gives full credit for hav- 

 ing eftabliflied the fureft principles for the advancement of 

 botany, though he criticifes him here and there in the de- 

 tail of their application. He alfo wilhes to indicate fome 

 fources of difcrimination, which Linnaeus has lefs regarded, 

 for the accomphfliment of the fame objeAs ; particularly 

 mentioning the anatomy of plants. He points out the co- 

 lours of flowers as fometimes affording permanent fpecific 

 diftinjtions, though Linnaeus has in general difcarded them 

 from his charadteis. It muft be allowed that Ludwig, irf 

 this and other inftances, feems prompted by a defire to dif- 

 fer and to find fault ; for Liiina;u? himfelf founds his pri- 

 mary divifions of fpccies in Mefmbryanthemum and Cnapha- 

 Hum, no matter whether judicioufly or not, upon this very 

 circumftance. Such critics however are ufeful to fcience, 

 as they promote enquiry and examination. Ludwig ;>.iftly 

 blames Limijeus ftjr confounding the bulbous Fumari^ as 

 one fpecies, and he may alfo be correct in fome other remarks. 

 The Inte lord Bute has well obferved, that Ludwig, like 

 Haller, was only a Linnu;an in difguife, having frequently 

 applied principles in unifon with his, if not imbibed from 



Mm, 



